PALESTINE Memories of 1948 - Photographs of Jerusalem | Page 117

de l’État”, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, n° 68–69, 1993. 32.  See Elena Qleibo, op. cit., p. 76. Given the lack of universities in the Gaza Strip, those in Egypt opened their doors to Palestinian stu- dents and offered them grants. 33.  See Benny Morris, op. cit., 2003. After 1967, Moshe Dayan had the Allenby Bridge across the Jordan rebuilt to allow regular and free movement in both directions, encouraging the exodus of inhabitants from the West Bank towards Jordan. The West Bank was gradually transformed into an appendage of Israel, which critics called “creeping annexation”. 34.  See the Unrwa website. The Jerash Camp, known as the Gaza Camp, was opened in 1968 for 11,500 Palestinians who had had to leave Gaza in 1967. It is considered to be the poorest of the ten official Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. 35.  Notably from Japan, which has been giv- ing aid for the education of Palestinian refugees since 2000, as is highlighted on the website of its embassy in Jordan. 36. See Nathalie Pepiot’s thesis “Le dévelop- pement de l’instruction et les instituteurs dans la bande de Gaza”, supervised by Jean-Pierre Briand, Sociology Department, Université de Saint-Denis, Paris VIII, October 2000. In 1967, textbooks in Gaza, which followed an Egyptian curriculum, were censored (pages were removed, there were blanks, corrections, additions etc.) where they touched on the existence of Pales- tine, the refugee problem, Palestinian resistance under the British mandate or UN resolutions regarding the rights of the Palestinian people. 37. Dawn Chatty, Gillian Lewando Hun- dt, Children of Palestine: Experiencing Forced Migration in the Middle East, New York, Berghahn Books, 2005, p. 160. 38.  See the Reuters article “Israël Bans Use of Palestinian Term ‘Nakba’ in Textbooks”, in Haaretz, July 22, 2009. The Department of Education is run by an Israeli army officer. 39. See Blandine Destremau, “L’espace du camp et la reproduction du provisoire  : les camps de réfugiés palestiniens de Wihdat et de Jabel Hussein à Amman”, Moyen-Orient: Migrations, démocratisation, Médiations, Grad- uate Institute Publications, Geneva, 1994, pp. 83–99. The lands on which the camps were set up, mostly belonged to Jordanian landowners. The government ‘temporarily’ appropriated the right of use, in order to make them available to Unrwa with the aim of housing Palestinian refugees. Salaheddin Saleh’s land lies near the Gaza camp, but not within it. 40.  To learn about the living conditions of the Palestinians from Gaza, see the document pub- lished on the HCR website by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Jordan: Rights and obligations of Palestinians living in Jordan without Jordanian citizenship, not including Palestinian refugees fleeing Syria since 2011, including employment, mobility and access to social services (2013-May 2014) http://www.ref- world.org/docid/53ecc79d4.html (accessed April 16, 2019). 41.  Zakat is the third of the five pillars of Is- lam, after declaration of faith and prayer. It is a legal donation that every Muslim pays in accordance with the rules of solidarity and of sharing within the community. This form of charity is highly institutionalized in the Mus- lim world, and it fills much of the gap in social aid left by states. 42.  The Camp David Accords, signed on Sep- tember 17, 1978, between Egypt and Israel, were negotiated by Sadat and Begin and facil- itated by Jimmy Carter. The Israeli–Jordanian peace treaty, known as the Wadi Araba Ac- cords, were signed on October 26, 1994. 43. See the article by Anne-Marie Eddé, “Saladin”, in Les clés du Moyen-Orient, March 16, 2011, on the subject of the spirit of chival- ry, generosity and magnanimity evoked by the name of Saladin in the West, and of the unifier of the Arabs and conqueror of Jerusalem that he represents to the East. Saladin’s resistance against the Crusaders is a recurring motif in the Palestinian discourse and more generally in the Arab world. The author has published a bi- ography of Saladin (Paris, Flammarion, 2008). A scene of rural life before 1914 Salaheddin 115