PALESTINE Memories of 1948 - Photographs of Jerusalem | Page 195

23.  According to Falestin Naili, “Chronique
d’une mort annoncée? La municipalité otto-
mane de Jérusalem dans la tourmente de la
Première Guerre mondiale”, Revue des mondes
musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 141, pp.
171–190, June 2017, Christians and Jews could
be exempted by paying a specific tax, but this
tax was so heavy that few of them could actu-
ally pay it.
24. The Crusaders had placed a priest in Beit
Jala in 1099. He was expelled by Saladin in 1187.
Then, after the Ottoman conquest in 1516, Beit
Jala prospered until the seventeenth century, at
which time the beginning of the decline of the
empire imposed more and more taxes and the
forced conscription of Christian children.
25.  See Nicole Saffie and Lorenzo Agar, “A
Century of Palestinian Immigration to Chile:
A Successful Integration”, V. Raheb ed. Latin
Americans with Palestinian Roots, Bethlehem,
Latin Patriarchate, 2012, which describes the
perception of the first migrants: austere, re-
spectful of the morals and laws and hard work-
ing. Orthodox in the beginning (72% Ortho-
dox versus 28% Roman Catholics) today the
majority are Catholic (69% Catholic and 14%
Orthodox in early the 2000s).
26.  See Cecilia Baeza, op. cit., three pioneers
act as models for the foundation myth: Jorge
Hirmas, Jorge Chahuan and Jorge Manzur,
known as the “three Jorges”, whose success is
talked about as far away as Palestine and en-
courages new migrants. The author also un-
derlines the xenophobia and discrimination of
which the Arabs are victims in Chile in the ear-
ly twentieth century, and which is mentioned
notably by Miguel Littin, El viajero de las
cuatro estaciones, Barcelona, Seix Barral, 2000.
27.  Paisanos means literally compatriots.
28. According to Jorge Sahd, mentioned in
note 5, itinerant trade allowed Palestinians to
get a rapid return on their investments.
29.  Patronato is a neighbourhood of Santiago.
For a long time it was called the Arab quarter
because all the Palestinians had set up their tai-
loring workshops there; then the Chinese and
the Koreans replaced them. Today Patronato is
still the textile industry district.
30. Cecilia Baeza, op. cit., pp. 67–68, describes
the ambiguous relation of the Pinochet regime in
the 1970s and 1980s with the Palestinian com-
munity and with Israel: in 1974, Pinochet voted
against granting the PLO observer status, in
1975 he abstained from Resolution 3379 which
equated anti-Zionism with a form of racism and
at the same time, Chile addressed Israel at the
moment when he doubled his military spending
between 1977 and 1980. As for the Palestinian
organizations, its members are clearly divided
regarding the Pinochet government.
31. Farouk Mardam-Bey and Elias Sanbar,
Le Droit au retour. Le problème des réfugiés pal-
estiniens, Paris, Actes Sud, 2002.
32. Lorenzo Agar and Nicole Saffie, “Chile-
nos de origen arabe: la fuerza de las raices”, Re-
vista Miscelánea de Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos,
vol. 54, Universidad de Granada, Spain, 2005.
33.  See Cecilia Baeza, op. cit., pp. 76–78 on
the marginalization of the “Palestinians from
outside” during the negotiations and the sig-
nature of the Oslo Accord, and how the disaf-
fection of the “Palestinian centre” when faced
with the “Palestinians from outside” has led to
a demobilization of the Palestinian-Chileans.
Beit Jala, around 1950
Nakhle
193