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Endnotes
a. To see which patients and prescribers are exempt by agency, see: http://www.
doh.wa.gov/PublicHealthandHealthcareProviders/HealthcareProfessionsandFacilities/
PainManagement.aspx.
b. To see several other existing or proposed models at the state level, see the National
Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, Colorado, at: http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/prevention-of-prescription-drug-overdose-and-abuse.aspx.
c. For a discussion of penalties and agency discretion, see Ziegler SJ, Lovrich NP Pain
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relief, prescription drugs, and prosecution: a four-state survey of chief prosecutors. J Law
Med Ethics. 2003;31(1):75–100.Oxford University Press; 1999:2–3, 10, 21.
d. Spillane JF. Debating the Controlled Substances Act. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;76:17–29.
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prescription-drug monitoring program. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2341–2343.
25. Fishman SM. Prescription drug monitoring programs serve a vital clinical need. Pain
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26. Department of Labor & Industries, Washington State. Interim Evaluation of the Washington State Interagency Guideline on Opioid Dosing for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. http://
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Accessed February 1, 2013.
27. Washington State Agency Medical Directors Group. Interagency Guideline on Opioid Dosing for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: An Educational Pilot to Improve Patient Care and
Safety with Opioid Treatment. http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/Files/OpioidGdline.pdf. Updated 2010. Accessed February 1, 2013.
28. Washington State House Bill ESHB 2876. Effective June 10, 2010. http://apps.leg.
wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?year=2010&bill=2876. Accessed September 16, 2012.
29. Washington State Agency Medical Directors Group. 2010 Opioid Dosing Guidelines.
http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/opioiddosing.asp. Accessed February 1, 2013.
30. Haddad A. Conversation: Alex Cahana, MD, on Washington State’s new law on
pain care and opioid prescribing and the relevance of measurement-based care. Topics
Pain Manage. 2011;26(9):7–10, 12.
31. US Food & Drug Administration. FDA introduces new safety measures for extended-release and long-acting opioid medications [press release]. http://www.fda.gov/
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