9
Passages might be defined as phreatic or vadose , but what does this mean ?
8
Staying with cave formations , what are phytokarst and phytogens – typically found in tropical caves ? A clue is in the photo above .
10
Imagine a cave passage carrying water that flows into a sump ( think of this being like a U-bend under your sink : an old name for a sump was ‘ trap ’ or ‘ siphon ’). How can cavers estimate how much traversable cave passage has yet to be discovered beyond the sump ?
11
Scallops tell us much about caves ... how ?
12
Gaping Gill ( left ) is a cave in the Yorkshire Dales with a vertical entrance shaft that , traditionally , was considered to be 365 ft deep ( one for every day of the year ). When was the first successful descent made ?
A 1840 B 1876 C 1895
13
The media , aside from considering those interested in the underground to be mad , uses a variety of names to describe them . What is the difference between a caver , a potholer , a spelunker and a speleologist ?
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