A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LOCAL RISK-FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES independent of the time of implant loading and surface characteristics 82. In a histomorphometric study, Elian et al. 83 compared the effects of two interimplant distances( 2 mm and 3 mm) on bone maintenance with bone level implants. The results showed that the interproximal bone loss measured from the edge of the implant platform to the bone crest was not different for interimplant distances of 2 mm or 3 mm. Moreover, according to Tarnow et al. 81, an interimplant distance of greater than 3 millimeters( mm) between two adjacent implants helps preserve the interproximal bone peak and results in an average bone resorption of 0.45 mm up to 3 years of follow up. However, under circumstances where the distance between the implants is less than or equal to 3 mm, the average resorption of the interproximal bone peak increases to 1.04 mm, which in turn compromises support for the interimplant papilla 81. Results by Tarnow et al. 81 also demonstrated that when the distance from the base of the contact point to the crest of bone was 3mm, 4mm or 5 mm, the papilla was present almost 100 % of the time; however, when the distance was 7mm, 8mm, 9mm, or 10 mm, the papilla was mostly missing. To the author’ s knowledge from indexed literature, the influence of interimplant distance on crestal bone loss around dental implants remains unclear. 3.9. Surgical skills and experience of operator Surgical trauma and / or limited clinical experience
REFERENCES have been considered as one of the most essential factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases 84, 85. It has been reported that peri-implant disease are more often manifested among authors who have placed less than 50 dental implants as compared to those who have placed more than 50 implants 86, 87. Moreover, overheating of bone during implant placement procedures may result in osteonecrosis thereby inviting peri-implant diseases and even implant failure 88.
4. Recommendations It is highly recommended that oral healthcare providers practicing implant dentistry should be aware of the risk factors associated with periimpalnt diseases. Adequate knowledge of such risk-factors may also be useful in selecting patients for future implant therapy. Simultaneously, it is imperative for healthcare providers to educate their patients( including those who have either received dental implants or those that are potential candidates for future dental implant therapy) about the detrimental effects of these risk-factors on the long-term success and survival of dental implants.
Conflict of interest and financial disclosure The author reports no conflict of interest and there was no external source of funding for the present study.
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