A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LOCAL RISK-FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES
are similar to those in patients with chronic periodontitis. Data regarding the prevalence of peri-implantitis are inconsistent. In the study by Koldsland et al. 10, the prevalence of peri-implantitis ranged between 11.3 % and 47.1 %; whereas Mombelli et al. 11 reported peri-implantitis in 20 % of their study population during 5 to 10 years of follow-up. In the study by Zitzmann and Berglundh 6, the frequency of peri-implantitis varied between 28 % and at least 56 % of the participants and 12 % and 43 % of individual implants. A variety of factors( local and systemic) have been associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis 12-16. The most common local factor that has been reported to trigger an inflammatory response around dental implants is the oral biofilm. Moreover, tissues around implants are also more susceptible to oral biofilm-associated infections that spread into the alveolar bone and may cause bone loss 17. Furthermore, a variety of destructive inflammatory cytokines have been identified in the peri-implant crevicular fluid of patients with periimplantitis 18. These cytokines have been reported to aggravate peri-implant inflammation and bone loss 18. Although biologic differences exist between natural teeth and implants, Belibasakis 19 suggested that peri-implantitis corresponds to periodontitis. Other local factors that have been associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis include quality and quantity of recipient bone, jaw location, tobacco smoking, history of periodontitis, bruxism, habitual alcohol consumption, implant surface topography and implant overloading. Nevertheless, the contribution of systemic factors such as immunosuppression( as observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, osteoporosis, poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus and cancer) and the use of medications( such as bisphosphonates and corticosteroids) that have also been associated with the etiology of periimplantitis cannot be disregarded 20-24. Considering the length of the review, the author reserved the present review to comprehensively review the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis. With this background, the aim of the present comprehensive review was to provide an overview of current literature regarding the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis.
2. Material and methods 2.1. Focused question The focused question addressed was“ What are the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases?” 2.2. Literature search strategy PubMed / Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, ISI Web of knowledge and Google-Scholar databases were searched till June 2016 using the following key words:“ bruxism”;“ oral biofilm”;“ peri-implant diseases”;“ peri-implantitis”,“ risk-factors” and“ smoking”. Clinical studies assessing the local riskfactors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases were included( Figure 1). 2.3. Eligibility criteria Results from only clinical studies were included. Letters to the Editor, historic reviews, case-reports, case-series, in-vitro studies, studies on animal models and commentaries were excluded. The pattern of the present comprehensive review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information( Figure 1).
Figure 1. Literature search strategy
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