Military Review English Edition November December 2016 | Page 38

54. Colin Freeman, “Libya Warns it Could Flood
Europe with Migrants if EU Does Not Recognize New
Self-declared Government,” Telegraph, 2 November
2015, accessed 4 October 2016, http://www.telegraph.
co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11970313/Libya-warns-it-could-flood-Europe-withmigrants-if-EU-does-not-recognise-new-Islamist-government.html.
55. For information on the Pacific Solution’s demise,
see Connie Levett, “Pacific Solution Cost $1 Billion,”
Sydney Morning Herald, 25 August 2007; for information on the European Union and Belarus, see Volker ter
Haseborg, “Radioactive Refuge: Offering Asylum in Chernobyl’s No Man’s Land,” Der Spiegel, 14 October 2005;
for information on the Chinese border fence and North
Korea, see Norimitsu Onishi, “Tension, Desperation: The
China-North Korean Border,” New York Times, 22 October 2006; for information on the military contingency
plan, see Martin Sieff, “China’s North Korea Collapse Plan
is Credible, Analysts Say,” Asia-Pacific Defense Forum, 15
May 2014.
56. James Brooke, “North Korea Lashes Out at Neighbors and U.S.,” New York Times, 19 August 2003; Sam
Dillon, “US Tests Border Plan in Event of Mexico Crisis,”
New York Times, 8 December 1995, accessed 6 October
2016, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/08/us/us-testsborder-plan-in-event-of-mexico-crisis.html; personal
conversations with U.S. military officials, U.S. Southern
Command, Miami, Florida, in April 2000, (with follow-up
discussions in 2016); and conversations with personnel
from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, in October and November 2001.
57. Smith, “Raul Castro is Launching.”
58. Gil Loescher, “Refugee Movements and International Security,” Adelphi Paper 268, (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992), 3.
59. “Tusk Gives EU Two Months to ‘Save Schengen’,”
EuroNews website, 19 January 2016, accessed 4 October
2016, http://www.euronews.com/2016/01/19/tusk-givesthe-eu-two-months-to-save-schengen; “Schengen to
Fail in Months if Migration Crisis not ‘Under Control,’
says Tusk,” Deutsche Welle website, 19 January 2016,
accessed 4 October 2016, http://www.dw.com/en/schengen-to-fail-in-months-if-migration-crisis-not-under-control-says-tusk/a-18989697.

36

WE RECOMMEND

I

n Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement,
Coercion and Foreign Policy, Professor Kelly M. Greenhill
offers the first systematic examination of mass migration used
as an asymmetric brand of state-against-state coercion. She
examines who employs, and who has employed, this policy
tool, to what ends, and when and why it works. Coercers aim
to affect target states’ behavior by exploiting the existence of
competing political interests and groups. She asserts that this
“coercion by punishment” strategy can be effected in two
ways: the first relies on straightforward threats to overwhelm
a target’s capacity to accommodate a refugee or migrant influx; the second relies on a kind of norms-enhanced political
blackmail that exploits the existence of legal and normative
commitments to those fleeing violence, persecution, or privation. The theory is illustrated in a variety of case studies
from Europe, East Asia, and North America. To help policy
makers in potential target nations better respond to this kind
of unconventional predation, Weapons of Mass Migration
also offers practicable policy recommendations for scholars,
government officials, and anyone concerned about the true
victims of this kind of coercion—the displaced themselves.

November-December 2016  MILITARY REVIEW