Military Review English Edition March-April 2016 | Page 92

include adding “Takes prudent risk,” and modifying
“Gets results” to “Encourages disciplined initiative
(through delegation and empowerment) to achieve results.” Those changes align the leadership principles of
mission command with the leadership requirements
model. Once aligned, these mutually supportive
concepts can serve as guiding principles upon which
Army leaders can rely. They can also serve as embedding mechanisms to foster cultural change.
As discussed earlier, force-wide cultural adoption
of a philosophy like mission command will take time.
To accomplish the transition, it is important to assess
the current situation to effectively evaluate what must
happen next. ADRP 6-22, Army Leadership, asserts
that culture consists of “shared beliefs, values, and
assumptions about what is important.”23
Those beliefs, values, and assumptions permeate
the Army and operate at different cultural levels,
such as those proposed by Fons Trompenaars and
Charles Hampden-Turner.24 Using their model,
Angela R. Febbraro, Brian McKee, and Sharon L.
Riedel describe how achieving lasting organization
change requires altering organizations on at least
two, and possibly all three cultural levels.25 The
most superficial level incorporates “artifacts and
practices” that represent an organization’s explicit
culture, including processes, procedures, and other
observable behavior.26 The middle layer incorporates “attitudes and expectations,” and according to
Febbraro, McKee, and Riedel, it is “more conceptual
than tangible, and consists of doctrine, customs, and
traditional practices.”27 The innermost layer, “deep
structure,” or “deep culture,” represents implicit culture, and it is “the source and structure from where
attitudes and expectations are generated.”28
Applying ADRP 6-22’s definition of culture to
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s model shows
that cultural change likely requires integration into all
three layers of Army culture. Various Army organizational practices and policies support the surface
cultural layer by promoting missio