Military Review English Edition March-April 2015 | Page 94

Col. Isaiah (Ike) Wilson III, U.S. Army, serves as chief, Commander’s Initiatives Group at U.S. Central Command.
He is a former professor of political science and director of American Politics, Policy, and Strategy in the Department
of Social Sciences at the United States Military Academy. He holds a B.S. in international relations (USMA),
an M.P.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Cornell University, and two MMAS degrees from the U.S. Army Command
& General Staff College and School of Advanced Military Studies. A veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom and
Operation Enduring Freedom, he has authored numerous articles and a book, Thinking Beyond War: CivilMilitary Relations and Why America Fails to Win the Peace.
Maj. Lee Robinson, U.S. Army, the lead writer of this article, is the brigade aviation officer for the 2nd Armored
Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, at Fort Riley, Kan. An Army aviator and veteran of Operation Iraqi
Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, Robinson also served as an assistant professor of American politics at
the United States Military Academy. A graduate of the United States Military Academy, he also holds an M.P.A.
from Cornell University.

Notes
1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, from the
American Studies at the University of Virginia website, http://
xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/DETOC/toc_indx.html (accessed
22 October 2014). See this site for background on the
importance of religion to morality and morality to republican
government in eighteenth century American political history;
Ellis Sandoz, A Government of Laws: Political Theory, Religion,
and the American Founding (Columbia, MO: University of
Missouri Press, 2001); and Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads
to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).
2. In his book City of God, St. Augustine frames the history
of political civilizations in terms of the “City of God” (those
devoted to love of God in Christian scriptures) and the “City
of Man” (those devoted to self-interest). We borrow St. Augustine’s language in relationship to the American republic’s
attempts to balance free exercise (“City of God,” enabling the
pursuit of religious practice) and nonestablishment (“City of
Man,” separating church and state).
3. Pierre Beaudry, “The Economic Policy That Made the
Peace of Westphalia,” The Schiller Institute, May 2003, http://
www.schillerinstitute.org/strategic/treaty_o f_westphalia.html
(accessed 22 October 2014).
4. Mark Lilla, “The Politics of God,” The New York Times
Magazine, 19 August 2007.
5. Daniel Philpott, “The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations” World Politics 52 ( January 2000): 206.
6. George W. Bush, Second Inaugural Address, 20
January 2005, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.
php?pid=58745#axzz1Ild3xX9o (accessed 3 November
2014).
7. National Security Strategy, May February 2015, 20,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf (accessed 8 February 2015).
8. International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, Public Law
105-292, 105th Cong., 27 October 1998.
92

9. The Pew Forum, “Lobbying for the Faithful: Religious
Advocacy Groups in Washington, DC,” 21 November 2011,
http://www.pewforum.org/Government/Lobbying-for-thefaithful--exec.aspx (accessed 22 October 2014).
10. International Religious Freedom Act.
11. World Public Opinion Polls, “Public Opinion in the
Islamic World on Terrorism, al Qaeda, and U.S. Policies,” 25
February 2009, http://worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/
feb09/STARTII_Feb09_rpt.pdf (accessed 4 November 2014).
Large majorities across the nine predominately Muslim territories and countries surveyed perceived U.S. goals included
to “weaken and divide the Islamic world.”
12. John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” 1630,
from the Massachusetts Historical Society website, http://history.hanover.edu/texts/winthmod.html (accessed 12 November 2014).
13. Sandoz, 139.
14. Ibid., 141.
15. John Witherspoon, “The Dominion of Providence over
the Passions of Men,” May 1776, from the Constitution Society
website, http://www.constitution.org/primarysources/witherspoon.html (accessed 22 October 2014).
16. Sandoz, 92.
17. “An Appeal to Heaven” was a phrase utilized on a flag
flown during the American Revolution that featured a pine
tree in the center of the banner. The phrase implies a spiritual
justification for revolution as outlined in John Locke’s Two
Treatises of Government, which influenced the language in the
Declaration of Independence with its appeal to the “Supreme
judge of the world” for the rights asserted in the Declaration.
18. Jonathan Wise, “Vindication of the Government of
New England Churches,” 1717, from the Constitution Society
website, http://www.constitution.org/primarysources/wise.
html (accessed 22 October 2014).
19. Thomas Jefferson, “Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury
Baptists,” 1 January 1802, from the Library of Congress
March-April 2015  MILITARY REVIEW