Military Review English Edition March-April 2015 | Page 57

WOMEN IN THE INFANTRY
Treaty Organization, Optimizing Operational Physical Fitness, (Research
and Technology Organisation [sic], January, 2009), 2-5.
21. Marine Corps Order 1600.13.
22. Vickers, Reynolds, and McGuire, Body Mass Bias in a Combat
Fitness Test, Document No. 11-20 (San Diego, CA: Naval Health Research Center, 7 February 2011): 6.
23. Ibid., 34-35.
24. Tom Bowman, “Marines: Most Female Recruits Don’t Meet
New Pull-up Standard,” National Public Radio, 27 December
2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/12/27/257363943/marines-mostfemale-recruits-dont-meet-new-pullup-standard (accessed 16
November 2014).
25. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Optimizing Operational Physical Fitness, January 2009, 7-9, http://www.google.com/
url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA502544&ei=cyy0VMaNOomlgwSX9oOgDA&usg=AFQjCNGsJEBRftF2ccqX2zyGspdoIZ8LuQ
(accessed 12 January 2015); Miller et al., “Gender Differences in
Strength and Muscle Fiber Characteristics,” European Journal
of Applied Physiology and Applied Occupational Physiology
66, (1993): 254, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00235103#page-1 (accessed 16 November 2014). The women
were approximately 52 percent and 66 percent as strong as the
men in the upper and lower body respectively. The men were also
stronger relative to lean body mass.
26. Henning, Park, and Kim, 991-992.
27. Kimberly Johnson, “Downside of Full Combat Load Examined,”
Marine Corps Times, 22 January 2008, http://www.marinecorpstimes.
com/article/20080122/NEWS/801220310/Downside-full-combat-load-examined (accessed 16 November 2014).
28. S.L.A. Marshall, The Soldier’s Load and the Mobility of a Nation
(Quantico, VA: Marine Corps Association, 1980), 7.
29. Haynie and Haynie, 49.
30. Marine Corps Order 1600.13, 1.
31. Henning, Park and Kim, 991-992.
32. Katie Petronio, “Get Over It! We Are Not All Created Equal,”
Marine Corps Gazette 96(7)( July 2012): 30-31.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Springer and Ross, Musculoskeletal Injuries in Military Women
(Ft. Detrick, MD: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute,
2011), 6-7.
36. Ibid. 3.
37. Aline O. Quester, Marine Corps Recruits: A Historical Look at
Accessions and Boot Camp Performance (CNA Analysis and Solutions,
September 2010): 6, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/
D0023537.A1.pdf (accessed 12 January 2015).
38. Anne W. Chapman, Mixed-Gender Basic Training—The U.S.
Army Experience, 1973-2004 (Fort Monroe, VA: US Army Training and
Doctrine Command, 2008), 17-18.
39. Haynie and Haynie, 49; McGrath, 48; MacKenzie, 36-37.
40. Army Regulation 40-501, Standards of Medical Fitness (Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 14 December 2007): 2-3.
41. Bernard D. Karpinos, Ph.D., Qualification of American Youth
for Military Service (Medical Statistics Division, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1962), 7-8, http://www.
google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCwQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.
pdf%26AD%3DAD0665459&ei=5TK0VKi-HIqYNqelhKAH&usMILITARY REVIEW  March-April 2015

g=AFQjCNFE7MIh4nZRqG2JmyL8PQHl2UT3qw (accessed 12
January 2015).
42. Bob McIlvane, “Warrior Adventure Quest Helps Soldiers
Return to Normalcy,” American Forces Press Service, DOD News Online,
1 October 2008, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=51348 (accessed 16 November 2014). Cost to train combat arms
soldier is $54,000; Benchmarking Attrition—What Can We Learn from
Other Industries? (Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research,
September, 2012), 1, http://www.deltacostproject.org/sites/default/files/
products/Delta-Cost-Benchmarking-Attrition.pdf (accessed 12 January
2015). Cost of recruitment is approximately $11,000 per recruit, with
basic training adding another $35,000.
43. Lolita C. Baldor, “Few Army Women Want Combat Jobs,” Associated Press, 25 February 2014, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-exclusivefew-army-women-want-combat-jobs (accessed 16 November 2014).
44. Dan Lamothe, “Grunt School Test,” Marine Times, 15 July 2013.
45. Hope Hodge Seck, “Four More Women Drop Out of Marine
Infantry Officer Course,” Marine Times, 10 January 2014, http://www.
marinecorpstimes.com/article/20140110/NEWS/301100023/ (accessed
17 November 2014); Hope Hodge Seck, “Three Women Dropped
from Marines’ Infantry Officer Course Will Not Reattempt,” Marine
Times, 29 October 20 14, http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2014/10/28/three-women-dropped-from-marines-infantry-officercourse-will-not-reattempt/18073157/ (accessed 17 November 2014).
46. Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981). Supreme Court held
all-male draft constitutional because purpose of draft is to raise combat
troops, and Congress excluded women from combat.
47. Title 50 U.S. Code § 453.
48. Gertrude E. Johnson, “Manpower Selection and the Preventative Medicine Program,” Preventive Medicine in WWII, III (Washington
DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1955), 9,
http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/PrsnlHlthMsrs/chapter1.
htm (accessed 16 November 2014).
49. Karpinos, 7.
50. Rostker v. Goldberg.
51. Ibid.
52. “History and Records,” U.S. Selective Service System, www.sss.
gov/induct.htm (accessed 17 November 2014).
53. Ibid. Peacetime draft of 1957 inducted 138,000.
54. Rostker v. Goldberg.
55. MacKenzie, 39.
56. William Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness (Boston, MA: Little,
Brown & Co., 2002), 391.
57. S.L.A. Marshall, Men Against Fire (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith,
1978), 161.
58. William Darryl Henderson, Cohesion: The Human Element in
Combat (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1985), 4.
59. Christina Silva, “Navy Seeks to Combat High Rate of Unplann ed
Pregnancies,” Stars and Stripes, 7 January 2013, http://www.stripes.
com/news/navy-seeks-to-combat-high-rate-of-unplanned-pregnancies-1.203122?localLinksEnabled=false (accessed 17 November 2014).
The Navy is attempting to cope with a 74 percent unintended pregnancy rate (25 percent higher than the national average); Belmont, Goodman, and Waterman, “Disease and Non-battle Injuries Sustained by a
U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team During Operation Iraqi Freedom,”
Military Medicine 175, no. 7 ( July 2010): 474. During its operations in
the Iraq surge, an Army brigade combat team medically evacuated
10.8 percent of its women out of theater due to reproductive-related
conditions, 74 percent of which were pregnancies.
60. Desilver. Only 20 percent of Congress members are veterans
versus high of 77 percent in 1978.
55