Military Review English Edition March-April 2015 | Page 49

WOMEN IN COMBAT

Notes
1. Sage Santangello, “Fourteen Women Have Tried, and
Failed, the Marines’ Infantry Officer Course. Here’s Why,” The
Washington Post, 28 March 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.
com/opinions/fourteen-women-have-tried-and-failed-the-marines-infantry-officer-course-heres-why/2014/03/28/24a83ea0b145-11e3-a49e-76adc9210f19_story.html (accessed 12 January
2015).
2. Brian Mitchell, Women in the Military: Flirting With Disaster
(Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998), 58. Mitchell is
referencing Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership,
Project Athena: Report on the Admission of Women to the U.S. Military Academy, vols. I-IV (West Point, NY: U.S. Military Academy,
1 June 1979)
3. Mitchell, 42. Mitchell also cites Lois B. DeFleur, David
Gillman, and William Marshak, “The Development of Military Professionalism Among Male and Female Air Force Academy Cadets”
(paper, Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society,
October 1977), 168. Upon entry, cadets were given physical
aptitude tests. Males averaged 11 pull-ups. Females averaged
24.1 seconds on the “flexed-arm hang.” Mitchell also cites DeFleur,
Gillman, and Marshak, “Sex Integration of the U.S. Air Force Academy, Changing Roles for Women,” Armed Forces and Society 4(4)
(August 1978): 615.
4. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Department of the Army, “Women in the Army Policy Review,” Final
Report of Women in the Army Policy Review Group (Washington,
D.C.: Department of the Army, 12 November 1982), 9, http://
www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a122251.pdf (accessed 23 January
2015).
5. Ibid., 2-16.
6. Force Systems Directorate of the U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency, Evaluation of the Military Entrance Physical Strength
Capacity Test (E-MEPSCAT) (Bethesda, MD: U.S. Army Concepts
Analysis Agency, 1985), v.
7. Stephanie Gutmann, The Kinder, Gentler Military: Can America’s Gender-Neutral Fighting Force Still Win Wars? (New York:
Scribner, 2000), 254.
8. Center for Military Readiness, U.S. Marine Corps Research
Findings: Where is the Case for Co-Ed Ground Combat?, October
2014, vi, http://cmrlink.org/data/sites/85/CMRDocuments/InterimCMRSpecRpt-100314.pdf (accessed 9 January 2015). See the
CMR report for additional sources of U.S. Marine Corps Training
and Education Command and Naval Health Research Center data.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Kingsley Browne, Co-ed Combat: The New Evidence That
Women Shouldn’t Fight the Nation’s Wars (New York: Penguin
Group, 2007), 24. Browne cites Phillip Bishop, Kirk Cureton, and
Mitchell Collins, “Sex Difference in Muscular Strength in Equally
Trained Women,” Ergonomics 30, no. 4 (1987): 675-687.
15. Browne, 26. Browne cites Constance Holden, “An Everlasting Gender Gap?” Science 305, no. 5684 ( July 2004): 639–640.
16. Kirsten Scharnberg, “Stresses of Battle Hit Female GIs

MILITARY REVIEW  March-April 2015

Hard,” Chicago Tribune, 20 March 2005, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-03-20/news/0503200512_1_ptsd-female-veterans-female-troops (accessed 12 January 2015).
Scharnberg writes, “And studies indicate that many of these
women suffer from more pronounced and debili FF