Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 96

PART 1 WORLD REVIEW
approach to aquaculture (see discussion in
Part 2) and blue growth (see discussion in
Part 4) are useful frameworks in this context
(FAO and World Bank, 2015).
Conference in 2017. EA F and EA A provide
fundamental frameworks for considering and
undertaking area-based management.
Global g uidance is available to ensure that area-
based management, including the consideration
of marine protected areas, is integrated within
broader fisheries management frameworks and
follows good practices with regard to
participator y approaches, especially for small-
scale fisheries. Both the Voluntar y Guidelines for
Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the
Context of Food Securit y and Povert y Eradication
(SSF Guidelines) (FAO, 2015a) and the Voluntar y
Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure
of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of
National Food Securit y ( VGGT) (FAO, 2012a)
describe such practices and outline, among other
things, the need to respect customar y and
informal tenure rights (discussed in the section
on biodiversit y in Part 2).
Fisheries and the global nutrition agenda
Given its nutritional value and prevalence in
many diets, fish has an important place in
agriculture- and food-based approaches to food
securit y and nutrition (Kawarazuka and Béné,
2010). The United Nations General Assembly
proclamation of the UN Decade of Action on
Nutrition for 2016 –2025 provides an opportunit y
to raise awareness about the role of fish and to
ensure that it is mainstreamed in food securit y
and nutrition policy. The World Health
Organization ( W HO) and FAO are leading efforts
in this regard, in collaboration with the World
Food Programme ( W FP), the International Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). This
work is essential, as fish provides more than 20
percent of the average per capita animal protein
intake for 3 billion people (more than 50 percent
in some less developed countries) and is
especially critical for rural populations, which
often have less diverse diets and higher rates of
food insecurit y (see “Fish for food securit y and
human nutrition” in Part 2).
The issue is not limited to marine coastal areas.
The contribution of fisheries to SDG 15, Life on
land, is significant because inland fisheries are
one of the important provision ser vices of
freshwater ecosystems and indicators of good
water qualit y and so can provide the justification
for habitat protection or rehabilitation. The
efficiency and value of inland fisher y production
are just starting to be recognized as a
consideration in resolving competing demands
among sectors, especially for water.
Fisheries and the global trade agenda
Together with new market demands for fish and
fish products, trade policies such as tariffs,
subsidies and food safet y and sustainabilit y
standards can have a significant inf luence on
fisheries trade, and particularly on access to
international markets. Some trade measures,
despite having legitimate objectives, can create
technical or financial obstacles and restrict
market access, especially for developing
countries and small-scale fishers. In trade
negotiations, such as current efforts to revitalize
fisheries subsidies at the World Trade
Organization ( W TO), knowledge of fisheries
issues and awareness of the interconnectivit y of
the various policy frameworks applicable to the
fisheries sector are necessar y to assess
challenges, opportunities and concerns and to
avoid the creation of unnecessar y barriers to
trade. Technical assistance to trade negotiators
has become essential for bridging possible
knowledge gaps.
Nor are the considerations limited to capture
fisheries. Aquaculture has the potential to
address the gap between aquatic food
demand and supply and to help countries
achieve their economic, social and
environmental goals. However, the abilit y of
aquaculture to meet future demand for food
will to a significant extent depend on the
availabilit y of space in suitable sites.
Aquaculture spatial planning, integrated
with area-based planning, is fundamental for
integrated management of land, water and
other resources and to enable the sustainable
development of aquaculture in a way that
accommodates the needs of competing
economic sectors, minimizes conf lict and
integrates social, economic and
environmental objectives. The ecosystem
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