Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 81

THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2018
» large and growing consumer base in large
Groundfish and other whitefish
developed markets, including the European
Union, the United States of America and Japan.
Most salmon consumed today comes from
aquaculture, supplied by Norway, Chile and a
number of smaller producers mainly in Europe
and North America. Various wild Pacific salmon
species are also traded internationally in
significant quantities. International marketing
campaigns, product innovation and advances in
logistical and production technolog y have helped
to establish salmon as a popular item in markets
all around the world, and demand has grown
rapidly even if physical (e.g. aquaculture site
availabilit y) and reg ulator y constraints have led
the supply to increase less quickly. As a result,
prices have risen sharply across international
markets, particularly in 2016 and the first half of
2017, with major producers such as Norway
benefiting from a steep upward trend in export
revenues. For farmed trout, produced in many of
the same countries, the diversification of export
markets by Norwegian industr y following the
Russian embargo established in 2014 has created
additional demand and depleted supply, with
sustained high prices resulting. The whitefish market segment, historically
dominated by wild species such as cod and
Alaska pollock, is now increasingly shared with
lower-priced farmed species such as Pangasius
spp. and tilapia. China is the largest producer of
tilapia, while the vast majorit y of Pangasius spp.
originates in Viet Nam. Among developed
markets, tilapia and Pangasius spp. have gained
market share particularly in the United States of
America and to a lesser extent in the European
Union. China also exports significant and
growing quantities of tilapia to several African
countries. The traditional groundfish species are
primarily sourced from fisheries in the Northern
Hemisphere, with the Russian Federation, the
United States of America and Norway the top
three producers. With some f luctuations, cod had
high traded prices in 2016 and 2017 (Figure 25), the
result of strong demand in a number of important
markets and limited supply because of quota
reductions. Seabass and seabream are farmed
almost entirely in the Mediterranean and
exported largely to markets in the European
Union, although the rise of Turkey as a producer
has also seen more diversification of markets.
Shrimp Tuna
Shrimp and prawns are heavily traded
commodities and represent the second main
group of exported species in value terms.
Countries in Latin America and East and
Southeast Asia account for by far the major
share of production, but a large proportion of
consumption takes place in developed markets.
Although wild shrimp catches contribute large
volumes to total supply, most shrimp today is
farmed. In recent supply developments, disease
and poor weather conditions have been an
ongoing challenge for some large Asian
aquaculture producers, particularly Thailand
and China, but strong production growth in
other countries such as India and Ecuador
translated into an overall increase in supply
volumes in 2017. Demand in developing
countries continues to grow as consumer
preferences have evolved with rising incomes
and a growing share of production is absorbed
by domestic and regional markets. Traded
prices for shrimp and prawns have increased
over the past two years in line with the general
trend (Figure 24). The European Union and the United States of
America, the two largest markets for canned
tuna, are supplied by a number of developing
countr y exporters in Latin America, Southeast
Asia and Africa. Thailand is by far the largest
processor of canned tuna, although Ecuador,
Spain, China and the Philippines also have
significant canning and export industries.
Differing tariff regimes and import quotas are an
important determinant of tuna trade f lows for the
canned market, and proposed adjustment to these
regimes is a central issue in trade negotiations for
fish and fish products. Japan is the world’s largest
sushi and sashimi market, and its imports mainly
comprise fresh and frozen tuna, whole or as
loins. Bluefin and bigeye tuna are t y pically used
for sashimi and sushi, while skipjack, albacore
and yellowfin are used in canned and other
prepared and preser ved products. Canned tuna is
marketed and sold increasingly through
consolidated supermarket chains as a cheap and
affordable food fish item, while sashimi and sushi
are targeted at modern health-conscious
consumers amid a general increase in the »
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