Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 177

THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2018
» „ „ lack of recognition of women’s work and
of the sale price, from which they pay 8 percent of
the sale price to the transporter intermediar y.
contribution in fisheries, particularly on the
part of male fishers, and the notion that
women do not fish;
„ „ the lack of information on women’s work and
contributions due to the absence of gender
disaggregation in many employment statistics;
„ „ lack of integration of women’s knowledge and
experience into fisheries management;
„ „ women’s perception that fisher organizations
are a male domain;
„ „ personal barriers such as lack of time to
participate, lack of confidence and paucit y of
formal education;
„ „ a widespread bias in which women are seen
primarily as mothers and wives while men are
seen as breadwinners and leaders.
Decent work and social protection
Continued human rights abuses and labour
exploitation in fisheries are raising concerns over
irresponsible practices in fish supply chains.
These include instances of human trafficking,
fraudulent and deceptive recruitment, forced
labour, physical, mental and sexual abuse,
homicide, child labour, debt bondage, refusal of
fair and promised pay, abandonment,
discrimination, excessive working hours, poor
occupational safet y and health, and denial of
freedom of association, collective bargaining
negotiations and labour agreements.
FAO (forthcoming) conducted gender-sensitive
value chain analyses in Burkina Faso, Côte
d’Ivoire, Ghana and Tunisia which portrayed
significant gender inequities having negative
impact on the performance of women and their
livelihoods. For instance, in Tunisia in 2016,
women clam collectors, who t ypically spend six
to eight hours per day in the seawater, were
earning four times less than intermediaries and
only 70 percent of the legal minimum salar y in
the agriculture sector. Looking at the whole value
chain, they were earning only about 12 percent of
the final sale price. Strategies identified to
address these issues include strengthening of
technical, organizational and business
management capacities of participating women;
product differentiation; and fostering of
networking, investment in infrastructure and
access to financial ser vices and markets,
especially the rewarding international channels
and institutional outlets (e.g. public procurement
for school feeding programmes, hospitals and
campuses).
In 2017 the ILO Work in Fishing Convention No.
188 entered into force, designed to ensure
improved occupational safet y and health for
workers in the fishing sector. It contains
provisions to ensure that workers at sea receive
sufficient rest and medical care, the protection of
a written work agreement, decent living
conditions on board fishing vessels and the same
social securit y protection as other workers. The
standards of the Convention are supplemented by
the accompanying Work in Fishing
Recommendation (No. 199). In 2016 the ILO 2014
Protocol to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930
(P029) came into force, providing specific
g uidance on effective measures to be taken to
eliminate all forms of forced labour.
COFI has stressed linkages among safet y-at-sea
issues, forced labour and IUU fishing (FAO,
2015b). On the occasion of World Fisheries Day
(21 November) in 2016, the Holy See and FAO,
together with ILO, fish industr y representatives
and trade unions, condemned illegal fishing and
forced labour in fisheries and urged collective
commitment to prevent human rights abuses in
fisheries supply chains (FAO, 2016j). In 2017, the
COFI Sub-Committee on Fish Trade discussed
social sustainabilit y issues including human and
labour rights abuses in seafood value chains and
their trade implications, urging FAO to
strengthen its work programme and technical
assistance in these areas (FAO, 2017u, 2017v). In
2016 and 2017 FAO continued to facilitate the
Vigo Dialog ue on decent work in fisheries and
Priorit y inter ventions identified in Tunisia led to
significant results. Women were endowed with
stronger bargaining power; advocacy at the policy
level triggered more transparent marketing
transactions; and a fair trade agreement was
established among an association of women clam
collectors, a clam depuration and export
establishment and an international importer.
Thanks to the fair trade agreement, in November
2017 women collectors were receiving 47 percent
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