Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 161

THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2018
„ „ enabling access to finance;
„ „ improving management practices;
„ „ creating a resilient sector that is better adapted
to climate change and other threats;
„ „ improving market linkages (e.g. proximit y to
transport and markets).
animal diseases, environmental concerns, limited
production, social conf licts, restricted access to
post-har vesting ser vices, risks for financing, and
a lack of resilience to climatic variabilit y, climate
change and other threats and disasters (FAO and
World Bank, 2015). Aquaculture spatial planning
is fundamental for integrated management of
land, water and other resources and to enable the
sustainable development of aquaculture in a way
that accommodates the needs of competing
economic sectors and minimizes conf lict. Spatial
planning should integrate social, economic,
environmental and governance objectives of
sustainable development in accordance with the
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
(FAO, 1995). The ecosystem approach to
aquaculture (see section on this topic in Part 2)
and blue growth (see Part 4) are useful
frameworks in this context (FAO and World Bank,
2015). Blue growth adds value to the ecosystem
approach by linking it to other advances such as
improved energ y efficiencies, climate change
adaptation and innovations that can improve
social, economic and ecosystem outcomes.
Continuing advances in remote sensing (e.g.
satellites and drones) and mapping technologies,
ICT, ecological modelling, improved Internet
connectivit y and computer processing enhance
support to spatial planning and management
processes. FAO provides technical assistance on
spatial planning to its Members through studies,
technical g uidance, capacit y development and
innovative tools (Ag uilar-Manjarrez, Soto and
Brummett, 2017).
For the future promotion of sustainable
aquaculture, it is imperative that integrated
spatial planning be effectively applied at both the
national and regional levels. In addition, a sound
legal and reg ulator y planning and development
framework should be in place. Participator y
spatial planning, resource allocation and
management are essential if aquaculture is to
maximize its potential to secure food securit y for
a growing population. Spatial planning processes
and tools need to be adaptable to a range of local
factors, including changing markets, competition,
input costs and supply, capital, labour and the
urgency of problems or opportunities, as well as
the potential impacts of climate change.
A growing number of countries are engaging in
aquaculture spatial planning. For example, in the
Mediterranean, the General Fisheries
Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is
promoting the concept of allocated zones for
aquaculture (A ZAs) (Sanchez-Jerez et al., 2016).
Some initiatives in wider marine spatial planning
processes integrate the spatial concerns of
fisheries and aquaculture with those of other
users of the marine space (Meaden et al., 2016),
which aim to optimize the sustainable use of
marine space for all stakeholders.
Feed resources
During the period 1995 to 2015, production of
farmed aquatic species reliant on feeds increased
more than fourfold, from 12 to 51 million tonnes,
largely through intensification of production
methods for shrimp, tilapias, carps and salmonids
(Hasan, 2017a). Today, 48 percent of total global
aquaculture production including aquatic plants
(66 percent excluding aquatic plants) is produced
using exogenous feed. Given the projected
increase in aquaculture production, are the
trends in feed use sustainable?
Aquaculture spatial planning offers many specific
opportunities, including:
„ „ mapping the presence, absence and
distribution of aquatic animal disease to
support disease sur veillance, zoning and risk
assessment of disease spread (disease risk
prevention and management);
„ „ ensuring that aquaculture operations stay
within the ecosystem’s carr ying capacit y;
„ „ reducing conf licts;
„ „ improving public perceptions of aquaculture;
„ „ promoting the creation of management areas
to facilitate certification (Kassam, Subasinghe
and Phillips, 2011);
While some feeds are farm made and/or comprise
fresh ingredients, commercially manufactured
feeds are increasingly widely used. Feed may be
used to supplement natural production (often
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