Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 136

PART 2 FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN ACTION
fisheries and aquaculture” in Part 3 and “Global
inland fisheries revisited” in Part 2).
implementation of the principles of sustainable
development, first explicitly introduced to
fisheries by the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries (FAO, 1995) (Box 12). They provide a
framework for considering not only the
ecological, but also the social and economic
aspects of sustainabilit y and the governance
context in which the fisheries and aquaculture
sectors operate.
Increased collaboration recently fostered
under FAO’s food securit y and nutrition
strategies has led to complementar y
approaches in data collection and analysis,
making it possible to enrich the dashboard
with estimates of the actual fish
consumption per capita, further refined to
ref lect age, gender, subnational situations
and nutritional intake. In order to transform
these prospects into operational evidence-
based support, investments will need to
focus on improved coverage (e.g. nutritional
value of farmed species), measurement of
food access, harmonization of indicators and
efficient and timely integration of the
available analytical tools. n
The political commitment to EA F formally
materialized in connection with the Reykjavik
Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the
Marine Ecosystem in 2001. In its wake, 45
participating countries signed a declaration and a
pledge to incorporate ecosystem considerations in
fisheries management. Shortly thereafter, FAO
(2003b) published g uidelines for EA F
implementation. This commitment was restated
in connection with the World Summit on
Sustainable Development ( WSSD) in 2002, and
2010 was agreed as the target for its application
in the WSSD Plan of Implementation, Paragraph
30d (UN, 2002). The twent y-seventh session of
COFI in 2007 broadly agreed that “EA F was the
appropriate and necessar y framework for
fisheries management” and highlighted the
“need for aquatic production to follow an
ecosystem approach to aquaculture”.
IMPLEMENTING THE
ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
TO FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE –
ACHIEVEMENTS AND
CHALLENGES
The rapid growth of the aquaculture sector
worldwide, and the interaction of aquaculture
activities with other economic sectors and natural
resources users, has required a responsible and
integrated approach to aquaculture development,
as expressed in Article 9 of the Code of Conduct
for Responsible Fisheries. In response to the
explicit request of its Member Countries in 2006 to
improve the management and enhance the socio-
economic impacts of aquaculture, FAO initiated
the development of an ecosystem approach to
aquaculture. Guidelines for EA A became available
in 2010 (FAO, 2010b) to improve the management
and enhance the socio-economic impact of
aquaculture. Since then, the development and
application of EAF and EA A by FAO and
increasingly by national and international partners
have followed parallel paths.
Ecosystem considerations in marine science and
management have been in place for more than a
centur y, but have been addressed more
explicitly since the terms “ecosystem-based
management” and “ecosystem approach to
management” gained acceptance after UNCED.
Both concepts imply the management of a
resource sector in a way that is holistic and
integrated and that accounts for all key factors
affecting the entire ecosystem.
The ecosystem approach to fisheries (EA F) and
the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EA A) are
strategies developed and promoted by FAO in
recognition of the need for wider frameworks for
the planning, development and management of
sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, taking into
consideration the effects of other sectors on
fisheries and aquaculture and the effects of
fisheries and aquaculture on the ecosystem. EA F
and EEA both support the practical
FAO has developed or supported the development
of numerous products for EA F/EA A, including
g uidance at regional and national levels (Box 13).
| 120 |