Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 120

PART 2 FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN ACTION
requires participator y approaches to recognize
and incorporate people’s different views and
values. The process by which a spatial closure is
designated is key to whether it will be accepted,
respected and hence able to meet its objectives
and provide the benefits for which it has been
established (FAO, 2011b; Charles et al., 2016). The
objectives need to be clear, and planning should
explicitly integrate broad objectives of both
ecological and human well-being, including food
securit y and local livelihoods (FAO, 2016d;
Garcia et al., 2016; Singleton et al., 2017). It is also
important to ensure that area-based management
measures do not conf lict with the cultural and
livelihood practices of indigenous groups, to
avoid impacts on their food securit y ( Westlund et
al., 2017).
approaches (Dunn et al., 2016). Three t ypes of
dynamic ocean management measures have been
considered:
„ „ grid-based hot-spot closures, which are usually
implemented on a weekly or monthly basis
when bycatch has exceeded a threshold level in
a specific area;
„ „ real-time closures based on move-on rules,
which operate according to a similar threshold
principle, but entail fishers moving a set
distance away from the affected area, rather
than referring to predefined grid cells on a
map;
„ „ oceanographic closures, based on the
oceanographic characteristics of a specific area
(e.g. sea surface temperature).
Marine zoning
The SSF Guidelines (FAO, 2015a) and the
Voluntar y Guidelines on Responsible Governance
of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the
Context of National Food Securit y (FAO, 2012a)
outline the need to respect customar y tenure
rights. In addition, they highlight the need to
ensure active, free, effective, meaningful and
informed participation of all stakeholders,
including indigenous peoples and both men and
women, in all decisions related to fisher y
resources and areas where small-scale fisheries
operate, as well as adjacent land areas. If these
principles are respected, area-based management
tools can provide a mechanism for increasing
stewardship of marine resources and for
recognizing and protecting traditional fishing
grounds and places of cultural importance for
local and indigenous peoples. The setting aside of
aquatic areas to provide a higher degree of
protection for particular biological and/or habitat
diversit y can also lead to the reduction of
conf licts among fishers, offer protection for
small-scale fishing areas (for example, through
demarcation of exclusive coastal areas for small-
scale fishers) and help to enhance local
livelihoods where fisher y resources recover and
catches improve over time – both within the
protected area and in adjacent waters (FAO,
2011b).
The increasing competition for marine space has
generated pressure on both marine users (such as
fishers and tourism operators) and the ecosystem.
Given the scale and complexit y of the issues, a
systematic approach is required to mitigate
conf lict, conser ve biodiversit y, accommodate
multiple uses and ultimately support sustainable
development. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is
such an approach. MSP is defined as a “public
process of analysing and allocating the spatial
and temporal distribution of human activities in
marine areas to achieve ecological, economic and
social objectives that have been specified through
a political process” (Ehler and Douvere, 2009). Its
main output is a spatial management plan for a
specific area, which defines priorities in time and
space. Implementation of MSP usually takes place
via a marine zoning map and/or permit system. It
does not replace single-sector planning, but it
provides g uidance to help single sectors make
decisions in a more holistic, comprehensive way.
A marine zoning map can outline a number of
t y pes of areas related to fisheries, including
marine protected areas, areas of seasonal fishing
closures and biodiversit y hot-spot protection.
MSP can also be used to designate zones within a
marine protected area (MPA), from multiple-use
to no-take areas.
Interaction of area-based management tools with
livelihoods and food security
In supporting knowledge generation and
awareness-raising on area-based management
approaches and fisheries, livelihoods and food
securit y, FAO aims to ensure that protected areas
Area-based management measures are intended
to reg ulate human behaviour. Successful
protected-area planning and implementation
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