Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 69

THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2018
FIGURE 19
WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION AND QUANTITIES DESTINED FOR EXPORT
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1976
1978
Production
1980
1982
1984
1986
Total fish exports
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Exports of fish for human consumption
management, capital equipment operation and
ser vicing, infrastructure construction and
research). The overall value generated by these
ser vices is not yet available, as it is usually
recorded together with the value of ser vices
related to other activities.
the world’s countries report some fish trade. In
2016, about 35 percent of global fish production
entered international trade (Figure 19) in various
forms for human consumption or non-edible
purposes. This share has been even higher in the
past (about 40 percent in 2005) and f luctuates
according to the amount of fishmeal being
exported. The share of fish and fish products for
human consumption alone has shown an upward
trend, from 11 percent in 1976 to 27 percent in
2016. The 60 million tonnes (live weight
equivalent) of total fish and fish products
exported in 2016 represent a 245 percent increase
over 1976, and the increase is more than 514
percent if only trade in fish for human
consumption is considered. During the same
period, world trade in fish and fish products also
grew significantly in value terms, with exports
rising from USD 8 billion in 1976 to USD 143
billion in 2016, at an annual growth rate of
8 percent in nominal terms and 4 percent in real
terms. This amount excludes the potentially
significant value of trade in fisheries and
aquaculture ser vices (e.g. business and resource
The rapid rate of expansion of international trade
in fish and fish products over recent decades has
taken place in the context of a broader process of
globalization, a large-scale transformation of the
world economy driven by trade liberalization and
technological advancements. Globalization is
characterized by the widespread reduction and
removal of trade barriers that inhibit the
movement of goods, ser vices, capital and labour;
increasing specialization, resulting in the
geographic segmentation of economic activities;
longer and more complex supply chains, enabled
by new logistical technologies; a proliferation of
multinational corporations pursuing horizontal
consolidation and vertical integration; and a
broadening of consumer tastes, concerns and
expectations. This transformation has made trade
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