Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 183

THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2018
BOX 25
EXAMPLES OF THE FOUR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES WHICH
ARE KEY TO BLUE GROWTH INTERVENTIONS
Provisioning
„ „ Food (e.g. wild capture fisheries, aquaculture,
drinking-water, marine salt)
„ „ Raw materials (e.g. alginate industry, fish skin for
fashion goods, sand, gravel)
„ „ Biochemical and medical resources (e.g. fish skin
for treatment of open wounds)
„ „ Energy (e.g. macro- and microalgae, wind, wave
and solar energy, oil and gas)
Regulating
„ „ Biological control (e.g. herbivorous fish control of
aquatic weeds, waste treatment)
„ „ Regulation of water flow (e.g. protection by sand
and mud flats, minimization of wind erosion from
dunes and cliffs)
„ „ Climate regulation (e.g. carbon sequestration
and storage)
„ „ Moderation of extreme events (e.g. protection of
coastal infrastructure by mangroves and coral reefs)
Supporting
„ „ Maintenance of life cycles (e.g. nursery grounds
for target species and prey)
„ „ Maintenance of genetic diversity
Cultural
„ „ Recreation and tourism (e.g. recreational fishing,
ecotourism, boating)
„ „ Cognitive development (e.g. scientific
advancement, educational enrichment)
„ „ Inspiration for culture, art and design (e.g. role
of fishing in a community’s culture)
„ „ Aesthetic value (e.g. peace felt from viewing the
ocean)
„ „ Spiritual experience (e.g. sense of place,
spiritual interactions)
habitat may also form essential refuges for wild
fish (Peters, Yeager and Layman, 2015) and for
other aquatic wildlife and birds or may provide
opportunities for aquaculture (Rose, Bell and
Crook, 2016). Management of recruitment-limited
human-made freshwater bodies, for example
enhancement or stocking to increase their fisher y
productivit y or using them as space for
aquaculture, can increase local availabilit y of fish
and open up economic opportunities in areas
where their creation may have resulted in the loss
of other livelihoods.
expenditure on dyke maintenance and benefited
the livelihoods of an estimated 7 500 families in
terms of labour and protection (IFRC, 2002). In
Mexico, restoration of 50 ha of mangroves
resulted in a sixfold increase in the daily income
of fishers (Sánchez et al., 2018).
Freshwater ecosystems can also provide
extremely important ecosystem ser vices. For
example, f looding affects more people globally
than any other natural hazard. In the European
Union, large areas of riparian land are being set
aside to help protect cities from f looding (Faivre
et al., 2017). Initiatives also include restoration of
wetlands and f loodplains, along with investment
in blue or green infrastructure (e.g. f loodplain
restoration, natural f lood defences and
conser vation of vegetated habitats which are
highly effective in sequestering carbon). Restored
Blue Growth Initiative
FAO introduced the Blue Growth Initiative in
2013 to pursue blue growth through a holistic
framework. The initiative strengthens the
interactions among existing policies and aligns
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