Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 118

PART 2 FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN ACTION
and most of them already have such
conser vation and management measures in
place. 17
environmental, social and economic. An erosion
of biodiversit y would not only affect the structure
and function of ecosystems (see also “Blue
growth in action” in Part 4), but would also
impair the potential for such systems to adapt to
new challenges such as population growth and
climate change (see “Climate change impacts and
responses” in Part 3). In the past few decades, the
role of biodiversit y in supporting a number of
critical ecosystem ser vices has gained more and
more attention (Beaumont et al., 2007). Most
recently, a number of governments have made
international commitments to conser vation of
marine biodiversit y within the framework of the
2030 Agenda and the Convention on Biological
Diversit y (CBD).
IUU fishing has been reduced in areas regulated by
some RFMOs over the years. RFMOs that continue
to face challenges in this respect are applying
recommendations from performance reviews and
developing new MCS tools, using CDSs and
implementing or considering regional vessel
monitoring systems (VMSs). Some RFMO
Contracting Parties carry out patrolling and radar
satellite surveillance. Collaboration among RFMOs,
other organizations and agencies facilitates and
supports efforts to combat IUU fishing. RFMOs are
strategically positioned to coordinate efforts with
key stakeholders in their respective regions to
enforce necessary measures. n
Area-based management measures in coastal
areas and inland waters
BIODIVERSITY, FISHERIES
AND AQUACULTURE
A number of both static and dynamic area-based
management tools are used to support the
conser vation of biodiversit y, enhancing countries’
abilit y to implement the ecosystem approach to
fisheries (discussed in the last section of Part 2).
Spatial and temporal fishing restrictions,
including long-term ”no-take” closures, have a
long histor y of use in fisheries alongside a range
of other measures, and predate the current
concept of aquatic protected areas for biodiversit y
conser vation. More recently, with an increase in
ocean technolog y and the abilit y to acquire
information in real time, other concepts such as
dynamic ocean management have gained
increasing traction (Dunn et al., 2016), offering
great promise for the sustainable management of
ocean resources.
The world’s aquatic ecosystems are structurally
and functionally highly biodiverse, a vital web of
thousands of interconnected species which
support fisheries and aquaculture, contributing to
the nutritional, economic, social, cultural and
recreational betterment of human populations
(Box 8). All phyla but one are found in the oceans
(34 phyla), compared to 15 phyla that are found
on land. Aquatic biodiversit y is sustained in the
wild across marine (oceans, seas, estuaries),
brackish and freshwater (lakes, reser voirs, rivers,
rice paddies and other wetlands) environments,
as well as in culture within managed production
systems. Freshwater ecosystems, although they
contain less than 1 percent of all water, hold
about 40 percent of the world’s fish species
(Balian et al., 2008).
Protected areas
Aquatic protected areas, including marine
protected areas (MPAs), were initially introduced
in the context of biodiversit y conser vation to
protect aquatic ecosystems and reverse the
degradation of their habitats, and are increasingly
promoted by the environment sector as a
complement to fisheries management measures to
address overfishing and unsustainable resource
utilization (FAO, 2011b). A number of
international policy instruments have recently
been established in support of marine protected
areas. Aichi target 11 and SDG target 14.5, in
particular, aim for the designation of 10 percent
Maintaining biodiversit y is critical to meeting the
objectives of the three pillars of sustainabilit y –
17  RFMOs surveyed: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic
Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR); General Fisheries Commission for
the Mediterranean (GFCM); Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
(IATTC); Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC); Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries Organization (NAFO); North Atlantic Salmon Conservation
Organization (NASCO); North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission
(NEAFC); North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC); North
Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC); Regional Commission for Fisheries
(RECOFI); South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO); South
Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA).
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