Maximum Yield USA 2009 March | Page 74

The Dynamic Nature of Water - Part I “Water is the only compound found in three phases on Earth - solid, liquid and gaseous - and 74 per cent of the Earth's surface is covered in it.” as a substance. It doesn’t help that it is almost never the same. In fact, there are few that have actually experienced pure water due to its uncanny desire to dissolve and transport physical substance. It is very aggressive when empty, indicated by the loss in success rate when using only distilled water in a cloning machine, or the chasms created by it in the Grand Canyon. Water is the only compound found in three phases on Earth - solid, liquid and gaseous - and 74 per cent of the Earth's surface is covered in it.Yet, less than one per cent of it is available as fresh. Water is vital in all processes of life; indeed, it is the litmus test we use in our attempts to document biological life on other planets. Water is so vital to human existence that we can go no longer than a week without it and experience roughly 50 tons of water through our bodies during our lifetimes. Similarly, mature oak trees can transpire 40,000 gallons of water per year! The chemical structure of water contains one oxygen (O2-) and two hydrogen (H+) atoms. The electrical affinity of the 74 MAXIMUM YIELD USA - March 2009 atoms (opposites attract), and the fact that their electrical charges do not completely overlap, result in what is called a dipole moment, or an asymmetry of charge that results in the continual expression of polarity. In other words, water exhibits an electrically positive (+) and negative (-) side to its molecule, and physically takes the shape of the letter V, allowing it to pick up and carry literally all earthbound substance. This relatively unique structure is both advantageous for us and for water, resulting in the title of the “universal solvent”. This ability of water is manifest in our ability to grow plants hydroponically. Water is so innate to the technique that it is literally the root of the word, hydro = water. Water is not only imperative for life, but to the environments that sustain it. For instance, due to its distinctive structure water exhibits its greatest carrying capacity at 39.2°F and its density actually decreases below this temperature, resulting in floating ice on liquid water. This is relatively unique in nature and quite significant. Imagine if ice were to sink to the bottom of the body of water on which it floats? Would life have survived the countless ice ages on the bottom of frozen lakes? Waters distinctive structure and its innate polarity result in a collective attraction for itself via a force called hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as the covalent bonds that hold water molecules together, but the sheer number of them involved