MANAGEMENT OF NORM IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Akpojevwa Tega Naomi, october 2016 | Page 24

The table 2.1 measurements of hard scale found in the inside surface of tubular
and the type of radionuclide present in it.
Figure 2.1: Scale formation inside pipes used for oil extraction (Varskog and
Kvingedal 2009).
The main types of scale encountered in oil & gas facilities are sulphate scale
such as BaSO4, SrSO4 and carbonate scale such as CaCO3. Radium is
chemically similar to barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca), hence
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