Arrest-Related Deaths : Policy and Training Recommendations
Further , agency administrators show compliance with the Court ’ s decision in City of Canton v . Harris , 489 U . S . 378 ( 1989 ) by providing realistic training for LEOs to recurring job tasks . Administrators exercise effective leadership by developing policies and providing training consistent with these court decisions which illustrate to the public that they have implemented constitutional policing practices while maintaining a strong commitment to equipping their LEOs to reasonably respond to volatile encounters .
Dr . Darrell L . Ross , Ph . D ., is Professor and Department Head of the Department of Sociology , Anthropology , and Criminal Justice at Valdosta State University . He has published over 80 articles , 4 books , and 4 book chapters including Criminal Liability in Criminal Justice , 7th Edition ( 2018 ) and Civility Liability in Corrections ( 2005 ).
REFERENCES 1 . United States Department of Justice ( July 2019 ). Arrest-related deaths program : Pilot study of redesigned survey methodology . Bureau of Justice Statistics , Washington D . C .; 1-18 : www . bjs . gov / content / pub / pdf / ardppsrsm . pdf . 2 . Ross , DL and Brave M ( 2020 ). Assessing use-of-force liability and law enforcement response to the naked subject . Law Enforcement Executive Forum , 20 ( 1 ): 1-21 . 3 . Vilke GM and Jason Payne-James J ( 2016 ). Excited delirium syndrome : aetiology , identification and treatment . In J . Gall and J . Jason Payne-James ( Eds ., 2nd Vol .), Current Practice in Forensic Medicine , Chapter 6 : 97-117 . 4 . Karch SB ( 2012 ). Possible strategies for the diagnosis of fatal excited delirium syndrome . Academy of Forensic Pathology , 2 ( 3 ): 273-283 . 5 . Vilke GM , DeBard ML , Chan TC , Ho JD , Dawes DM , Hall C , Curtis MD , et al . ( 2011 ). Excited delirium syndrome ( EXDS ): Defining based on a review of the literature . Journal of Emergency Medicine , 1-9 . 6 . Krezi L , Georgiou R , Krezi D , Sheppard MN ( April 2016 ). Sudden cardiac death with stress and restraint : The association with sudden adult cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease . Journal of Medicine , Science and the Law ; 56 ( 2 ): 85-90 . 7 . Kroll MW and Brave M ( 2020 ). Defending non-firearm arrest-related death incidents . Paper presentation at the International Municipal Lawyers Association Mid-Year Seminar , Washington , D . C .; 1-19 . 8 . The International Association of Chiefs of Police Law Enforcement Policy Center ( April 2017 ). Excited delirium : Concepts and issues paper and model policy ; 1-6 , 1-3 : www . theiacp . org / policycenter . 9 . American College of Emergency Physicians ( September 2009 ). White paper report on excited delirium syndrome ; 1-24 : www . ojp . gov / ncjrs / virtual-library / abstracts / white-paper-report-excited-delirium-syndrome . 10 . Hall C , Kader A , McHale A , Stewart L , Fick G , and Vilke GM ( 2012 ). Frequency of signs of excited syndrome in subjects undergoing police use of force : Descriptive evaluation of prospective , consecutive cohort . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine ; 1-6 . 11 . Baldwin S , Hall C , Bennell C , Blaskovits B , and Lawrence C ( 2016 ). Distinguishing features of excited delirium syndrome in non-fatal use of force encounter . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine ; 21-27 . 12 . Ross DL and Hazlett ML ( 2018 ). Assessing symptoms associated with excited delirium syndrome and the use of conducted energy weapons . Forensic Research and Criminology International Journal ; 6 ( 3 ): 187-196 : www . medcraveonline . com / FRCIJ / assessing-the-symptoms-associated-with-excited-delirium-syndrome-and-the-use-of-conducted-energy-weapons . 13 . Bronson J , Stroop J , Zimmer S , and Berzofsky M ( August 2020 ). Drug use , dependence , and abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates , 2007-2009 . US Department of Justice , Bureau of Justice Statistics , Washington , D . C .: www . bjs . gov / content / pub / pdf / dudaspji0709 . pdf . 14 . Bronson J and Berzofsky M ( June 2017 ). Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners and jail inmates , 2011-2012 . US Department of Justice , Bureau of Justice Statistics , Washington , D . C .: www . bjs . gov / content / pub / pdf / dudaspji0709 . pdf . 15 . Lexipol ( May 2019 ). Law enforcement response to people in crisis : Understanding the challenges of incidents involving persons with mental illness ; 1-22 : www . lexipol . com . 16 . Morabito MS and Socia KM ( 2015 ). Is dangerousness a myth : Injuries and police encounters with people with mental illness . Criminology and Public Policy , 14 ( 2 ): 253-276 . 17 . Brave M ( June 2020 ). Law enforcement use of force standards , degrees of certainty , and scientific probabilities . Government Liability , 24-30 . 18 . The International Association of Chiefs of Police ( July 2020 ). National consensus policy and discussion paper on use of force . 1-15 : www . theiacp . org / resources / document / national-consensus-discussion-paper-on-use-of-force-and-consensus-policy . 19 . Georgia Association Chiefs of Police Legislative Platform : 2021 Legislative Platform and Priorities ; The Georgia Police Chief , ( Spring Edition , 2021 ): 36-38 . 20 . Ross DL ( 2006 ). Administrative implications . In Ross , DL and Chan , TC ( Eds .) Sudden deaths in custody , Chapter 12 ; 203-228 , Humana Press . 21 . The International Association of Chief of Police ( August 2018 ). Responding to persons experiencing a mental health crisis ; 1-5 : www . theiacp . org / policycenter . 22 . City of Champaign , IL Police Department ( November 2009 ). Excited delirium response protocol ; 1-3 : www . aele . org / delirium / champaign _ police _ protocol . pdf . 23 . The Royal College of Emergency Medicine ( April 2019 ). Guidelines for the management of excited delirium / acute behavioral disturbance ; 1-16 : www . rcem . ac . uk / docs / College % 20 Guideline . 24 . Vilke GM , Payne-James J , and Karch SB ( 2011 ). Excited delirium syndrome ( ExDS : Redefining an old diagnosis . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine ; 1-5 . 25 . Vilke GM , Bozeman WP , Dawes DM , DeMers G , and Wilson MP ( 2012 ). Excited delirium syndrome : Treatment options and considerations . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine ; 1-5 . 26 . Nakajima Y and Vilke GM ( 2016 ). Use of force in the prehospital environment . In S . Zeller , KD Nordstrom and MP Wilson ( Eds .), The diagnosis and management of agitation , Chapter 12 ; 173-188 , Cambridge University Press , UK . 27 . Ho JD , Dawes DM , Nelson RS , Lundin EJ , et al . ( 2010 ). Acidosis and catecholamine evaluation following simulated law enforcement use of force encounters . Journal of Academy of Emergency Medicine ; 60-68 . 28 . Griffin JD ( Fall Edition , 2020 ). First aid in law enforcement . The Georgia Police Chief ; 32-34 . 29 . Ross , DL ( June 2020 ). Prone restraint webinar , On Demand , Americans for Effective Law Enforcement : www . aele . org / aele-webinars . html . 30 . Institute of Prevention of In-Custody Deaths ( IPICD ) ( May 2021 ). Webinars : Agonal Breathing ; Spit Mask : www . ipicd . com / online-training . html #/. 31 . Police Executive Research Forum ( 2017 ). Integrating communications , information , and tactics ( ICAT ): www . policeforum . org / icat-training-guide-materials . 32 . Nahmod S ( April 2012 ). The long winding road from Monroe to Connick . Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law ; 1-21 .
42 SUMMER . 2021