Periodic Table
The periodic table is important because there are all the elements within a graph which explains what type of element, what kind of electronegativity has x element, and even how electrons are organized.
Arrangement of table
The columns shows the type of element (alkaline metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, etc.)
The lines shows the period.
Each group (on type A) shows the number of valence electrons in their outer shell.
The first two columns are the S block - The transition metals are the D block, The group 13-18 are the P block, and the lantanides and actinides are the F block.
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