overdose death among PWID. The significance of overdose prevention
by the SIS’s is clearly demonstrated by Insite, North America’s first
legal supervised consumption site, which opened in 2003 located in
Vancouver (Vancouver Coastal Health, 2020). Since 2003, in Insite,
there were 487,798 visits and 6,440 overdose cases happened, but no
overdose deaths (Vancouver Coastal Health, 2019). In SIS’s with
necessary medical supplies, such as Naloxone and EAD, PWID consume
drugs under supervision, so once any emergency occurs, the professional
staff will respond immediately, which greatly reduces the rate of fatal
overdose.
SIS’s limit the chance of transmission of infectious diseases and
inappropriate injection litter discard. The worldwide evidence, especially
from Canada, already shows that the SIS’s have reduced the
transmission rate of infectious diseases (Kerr, Mitra, Kennedy, &
McNeil, 2017; Ng & Kolber, 2017). In SIS’s, PWID can obtain clean
injection equipment. After injection, all the injection litter is 100%
returned to the SIS and disposed of appropriately, so it will not circulate
in the community. This process prevents the material from being reused
and protects all community members from being punctured by the used
needles. Therefore, SIS’s cut the route of transmission of infectious
diseases caused by sharing needles or other injection equipment.
SIS’s also provide a secure place for PWID and reduce the level of
public injection. After having a systematic review of seventy-five