& Cottrell, 2009). The converse is also true; landholders are less likely to participate in programs that are expected to reduce productivity / profitability. Some leasehold landholders saw participation in programs as increasing their chances of having their leases renewed. Environmental benefit may be seen as entwined with, or secondary to, production benefits, not as a driver in their own rights.
Landholders are more likely to adopt new practices if they have the financial and physical capacity to do so( Waterhouse et al., 2017), whilst farmers with larger debts may be more likely to carry more cattle and be less inclined to reduce cattle numbers due to debt servicing obligations.
D. 4.3
Social factors
For landholders who are driven by the need for recognition, and to be appreciated by society and colleagues, and concerned with family tradition and social networks, then programs must satisfy these social motivations to encourage their participation( Waterhouse et al., 2017). Graziers with strong social motivations are more likely than those with conservation motivations to require financial incentives before they adopt BMP( Greiner et al., 2009).
It has been found that participation in programs can be increased by the establishment of agreeable social infrastructure, involving practices such as:
� Offering extension activities within practical social interactions with peers( Lankester et al., 2009);
� involving local farming advisors( including from non-government)( Taylor & van Grieken, 2015)) particularly from the industry / industry organisations( Waterhouse et al., 2017); � involving local contractors( Taylor & van Grieken, 2015); � encouraging multi-farm applications( Taylor & van Grieken, 2015); and � promoting peer recognition for scheme participants( Taylor & van Grieken, 2015).
A lack of local leadership, and lack of local science / information can constrain adoption( Waterhouse et al., 2017). Landholders who have built a strong rapport with local implementation staff are more likely to participate in future programs( Blackmore & Doole, 2013) BUT landholders who have been well-supported and well-educated may be less likely to participate in future programs as they may feel they are able to do it themselves without further outside support( Blackmore & Doole, 2013). Conservation tender program participants felt it was important to receive monitoring visits during the contract period to provide ongoing support and reassurance as they adopt new practices( Blackmore & Doole, 2013).
Participation is more likely to be socially acceptable if institutional risk is limited: to encourage participation, conflicting signals from different tiers of government must be avoided, and there is a need to build trust that participation won’ t increase the risk of greater scrutiny or intrusion by government in the future( Taylor & van Grieken, 2015).
D. 4.4
Environmental factors
For landholders who are driven by wanting to look after the environment, improve resource / land condition, and be able to pass on the land in a good condition to future generations, these
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