Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique
social integration
The participants were classified into 3 groups as fol-
lows: no pain (n = 118), NP (n = 90), and nociceptive
pain (n =110). There was a slight, but statistically signi-
ficant, difference in CHART social integration among
the 3 groups. Multiple comparison of the CHART
social integration was performed using the Bonfer-
roni correction test, and social integration scores were
significantly different between any 2 groups. The indi-
viduals with no pain (86 ± 17.2) had the highest social
integration scores, followed by those with nociceptive
Fig. 3. Comparison of Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique
(CHART) social integration scores by pain type. *Significant difference with
respect to no pain or nociceptive pain (p < 0.05). #Significant difference
with respect to no pain or neuropathic pain (p < 0.05).
pain (78.2 ± 15.5), whereas those with NP (61.8 ± 20.2)
had the lowest social integration scores (see Fig. 3).
Factors associated with neuropathic pain and
nociceptive pain
Binary logistic regression analyses (see Table II) were
used to examine associations between the different
pain types and the variables of some demographic and
clinical characteristics, according to primary statisti-
cal analysis and our clinical experience. The results
indicated that those with grade AIS A had a reduced
risk of nociceptive pain involvement (OR 0.39, 95%
CI 0.16–2.91, p < 0.01). The odds of nociceptive pain
increased by a factor of 1.94 for subjects aged over
56 years, by 3.22 for having more than 6 years after
injury, by 6.02 for incomplete paraplegia, and by 3.97
for incomplete tetraplegia. Conversely, NP was inde-
pendently associated with 3–6 years after injury (OR
2.38, 95% CI 1.15–8.01, p < 0.05), AIS A and B (OR
8.32, 95% CI 1.83–12.07, p < 0.01; OR 3.25, 95% CI
0.91–7.63, p < 0.05, respectively). Age over 56 years,
incomplete paraplegia or tetraplegia decreased the
odds of NP (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.02–0.88, p < 0.05; OR
0.41, 95% CI 0.16–1.25, p < 0.05; OR 0.37, 95% CI
0.08–1.01, p < 0.01, respectively).
509
BPI Interference scores for overall pain are shown
in Fig. 2b. Interference scores for affective-related
functions (mood, relationships with others and en-
joyment of life), sleep and the total mean interference
were significantly higher in subjects with NP than in
those with nociceptive pain, except for activity-related
functions (general activity, mobility and work).
Pain and social integration after spinal cord injury
Association between pain intensity and 3-category
social integration
Fig. 2. Comparison of: (a) pain intensity category and (b) pain interference
by pain type. *Significant difference with respect to nociceptive pain
(p < 0.05).
Spearman’s correlation coefficients are shown in Table
III. The CHART social integration index was transfor-
med into a 3-category social integration measure (low
0–50; medium 51–79; high 80–100). Pain intensity
and social integration were strongly, negatively and
significantly correlated with high Spearman’s correla-
tion coefficients (–0.597; p = 0.019).
J Rehabil Med 51, 2019