Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 51-1CompleteIssue | 页面 18

Effect of AFOs on tibialis anterior EMG
Table II. Area under the curve (AUC) of the tibialis anterior muscle and walking speed for the early and delayed group (T1–T4); the
mixed model repeated measures analysis within and between groups; and the independent samples t-test between the early and delayed
group at T4
Mixed model repeated
measures analysis a
Early group
Delayed group
T1 (n  = 14) T2 (n  = 15) T3 (n  = 14) T4 (n  = 15) T1 (n  = 7) T2 (n  = 11) T3 (n  = 11) T4 (n  = 11)
AUC of the tibialis anterior, µV, median (IQR)
Without AFO
SW
21 (11;63) 24 (7;62)
22 (8;63)
DS1
12 (5;58)
20 (4;61)
17 (7;67)
SS
5 (3;21)
8 (3;12)
8 (4;19)
DS2
13 (3;24)
14 (3;43)
20 (4;64)
With AFO
SW
14 (4;64)
24 (2;53)
15 (4;64)
DS1
7 (4;43)
21 (5;51)
14 (4;47)
SS
4 (3;10)
9 (3;13)
7 (4;18)
DS2
6 (3;25)
14 (3;36)
16 (4;47)
33
23
12
22
(9;81)
(12;64)
(6;20)
(6;52)
18 (6;91)
30 (9;82)
8 (6;21)
24 (5;56)
Walking speed, m/s, mean (SD)
Without AFO
0.37 (0.19) 0.53 (0.29) 0.56 (0.29) 0.60 (0.31)
With AFO
0.38 (0.17) 0.56 (0.28) 0.58 (0.30) 0.64 (0.31)
43 (26;67) 40 (17;90)
23 (7;59) 31 (8;49)
9 (5;34)
8 (6;32)
29 (22;50) 31 (10;46) 45
45
22
39 (25;98)
(22;68)
(9;47)
(20;63) 40
21
11
36 (16;121)
(8;105)
(5;42)
(14;48)
–
–
–
– 43 (16;85)
32 (9;48)
5 (6;30)
30 (15;66) 40
21
15
39 (14;112)
(9;81)
(6;41)
(14;63)
37 (16;89)
19 (8;49)
7 (5;36)
23 (9;50)
Within groups
Between
Early, Delayed, groups
p-value p-value p-value Independent
samples
t-test b
T4, p-value
0.420
0.922
0.531
0.404 0.310
0.975
0.760
0.225
0.282
0.013
0.007
0.248
0.987
0.119
0.117
0.912
0.207
0.921
0.445
0.192
0.40 (0.25) 0.39 (0.21) 0.51 (0.24) 0.58 (0.26)
–
0.40 (0.20) 0.58 (0.24) 0.63 (0.26)
a
For tibialis anterior, median (IQR) values are presented. Statistical test based on logarithmic transformed data and walking speed included as confounder;
b
Statistical test based on logarithmic transformed data.
AFO: ankle-foot orthosis.
Effects of early vs delayed provision of ankle-foot
orthoses
After 26 weeks (T4), no differences in TA muscle
activity between both groups were found in SW (in-
dependent samples t-test p = 0.310 and p = 0.207 for
without and with AFO, respectively) or any of the other
sub-phases of gait (p ≥ 0.192 in all cases). Furthermore,
mixed-model repeated measures analysis between-
groups shows that changes in TA activity during the
26-week follow-up period were not different between
the early and delayed group in SW (p = 0.987) or any
of the other sub-phases of gait (see Table II).
Effects of use of ankle-foot orthoses within a single
measurement session
TA activity without and with AFO were compared at
T4 for the total group (n = 26) to study the effects of
AFO use within a measurement. AFO use significantly
15
Fig. 2. Boxplots of tibialis anterior area under the curve (AUC) without ankle-foot orthoses (AFO). AUC is presented per sub-phase, for the early
(left) and delayed (right) group separately. Circles and asterisks represent outliers and extreme outliers, respectively
J Rehabil Med 51, 2019