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Fig. 2. Comparison of the interleukin 1β (IL-1β), level obtained from the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) group vs the
non-ELF-EMF group. (A) IL-1β plasma concentration. Statistical significance between ELF-EMF and non-ELF-EMF groups: b vs d: p  < 0.05. (B) IL-1β
mRNA expression. Statistical significance between ELF-EMF and non-ELF-EMF groups: b vs d: p  <0.0001.
Inflammatory cytokine levels after post-stroke ELF-EMF
Fig. 3. Comparison of the plasma interleukin 2 (IL-2) levels obtained
from the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) group
vs the non-ELF-EMF group. Statistical significance between ELF-EMF and
non-ELF-EMF groups: b vs d: p  < 0.05. a) value obtained in non-ELF-
EMF group before treatment, b) value obtained in non-ELF-EMF group
after treatment, c) value obtained in ELF-EMF group before treatment,
d) value obtained in ELF-EMF group after treatment.
Fig. 5. Comparison of the plasma level of transforming growth factor β
(TGF-β) in the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF)
group vs the non-ELF-EMF group. a) value obtained in non-ELF-EMF
group before treatment, b) value obtained in non-ELF-EMF group after
treatment, c) value obtained in ELF-EMF group before treatment, d)
value obtained in ELF-EMF group after treatment.
comparative analysis of plasma IFN-γ concentration,
but the increase in IFN-γ concentration observed in the
ELF-EMF group was not statistically significant (Fig.
4). The reverse effect after treatment was demonstrated
in the case of plasma TGF-β concentration. The TGF-β
level in the ELF-EMF group was unchanged, whereas
in the non-ELF-EMF group was increased, but not
statistically significant. (Fig. 5).
DISCUSSION
Fig. 4. Comparison of the plasma interferon γ (INFγ) levels obtained from
the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) group vs
the non-ELF-EMF group. a) value obtained in non-ELF-EMF group before
treatment, b) value obtained in non-ELF-EMF group after treatment, c)
value obtained in ELF-EMF group before treatment, d) value obtained
in ELF-EMF group after treatment.
Damage to the brain tissue due to stroke is associated
with inflammation. The immune and inflammatory
responses are involved in both acute brain injury and
prolonged inflammatory response, as well as subse-
quent brain rehabilitation after stroke; they induce
tissue reconstruction and repair via the removal of
J Rehabil Med 51, 2019