Historical Review of Distance and Online Education from 1700s to 2021 in the United States
tance education , including the Dick & Carey Systems Model of Instructional Design , designed by Walter Dick and Lou Carey , published in The Systematic Design of Instruction in 1978 . The Dick and Carey model , influenced by Gagné ’ s processes of learning , included 10 instructional design elements :
1 . Determine instructional goal . 2 . Analyze instructional goal . 3 . Analyze learners and contexts . 4 . Write performance objectives . 5 . Develop assessment instruments . 6 . Develop instructional strategy . 7 . Develop and select instruction .
8 . Design and conduct formative evaluation .
9 . Revise instruction .
10 . Perform summative evaluation . ( Chen , 2011 , p . 85 )
Additionally , M . David Merrill , greatly influenced by Gagné , developed the First Principles of Instruction . Learning is promoted when :
1 . Learners are engaged in solving real-world problems .
2 . Existing knowledge [ and skill ] is activated as a foundation for new knowledge .
3 . New knowledge is demonstrated to the learner .
4 . New knowledge is applied by the learner .
5 . New knowledge is integrated into the learner ’ s world . ( Merrill , 2002 , pp . 44-45 )
Additional instructional design frameworks and approaches that build upon and expand prior models include the Analysis , Design , Development , Implement , and Evaluate ( ADDIE ) model , Successive Approximation Model ( SAM ), Four-Component Instructional Design ( 4C / ID ) model , and Learning Experience design ( LX ). Florida State University developed the ADDIE Model ( Budoya et al ., 2019 ; IGI Global , n . d .), which includes a five-stage design process ( e . g ., analysis , design , development , implementation , and evaluation ). SAM , developed by Michael Allen , includes three phases : preparation , iterative design , and iterative development ( Allen & Sites , 2012 ; Jung , 2019 ). SAM is a contemporary alternative to AD- DIE , applicable to a variety of learning environments . The Four-Component Instructional Design ( 4C / ID ) model , developed by van Merriënboer , includes four components : ( a ) learning tasks , ( b ) supportive information , ( c ) procedural information , and ( d ) part-task practice ( van Merriënboer , 2012 , 2019 ). LX design takes a human-centered approach to achieving desired learning outcomes by creating learning experiences for more diverse contexts from course environments to real-world settings ( Ahn , 2019 ; LXD . org , n . d .).
Instructional design models continue to evolve and emerge . Need , technology , crisis , learning theory , learners , educators , and research influence instructional design trends . Table 3 includes an overview of prescriptive in-
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