Journal of Online Learning Research and Practice
Tools Interoperability ( LTI ) integration within the LMS platform supported increased student engagement and active learning through free or low-cost subscriptions for creating presentations ( e . g ., Haiku Deck ), infographics ( e . g ., Piktochart , Venngage ), mindmaps ( e . g ., Mindup ), concept maps ( e . g ., Bubl ), bulletin boards ( e . g ., Padlet ), and more . Across higher education , technology continued to transform education and provided increasing enrollment and engagement opportunities across onsite , blended , and online settings .
Distance and online education formats have continuously evolved since their inception in the late 1700s . From correspondence courses using U . S . mail to email , IHEs have found innovative ways to engage students in learning . At no time in history has online education garnered more national attention than in 2020 and 2021 , with the COVID-19 pandemic . The differentiation between emergency remote teaching and online education is critically important for IHEs and educators . Emergency remote teaching , which is offered online , is a temporary shift in instructional delivery in response to a crisis , while “ effective online learning results from careful instructional design and planning , using a systematic model for design and development ” ( Hodges et al ., 2020 , para . 7 ). As higher education institutions prepare for post-pandemic education , it is essential for all educators to know how to pivot and effectively teach across learning formats , including online . Student success must remain central as educators navigate a shifting higher education landscape .
Distance and Online Education : Instructional Design and Pivotal Pedagogy
This second part of this historical review begins by examining distance and online education focusing on instructional design , then explores three generations of distance education pedagogy . The final part focuses on accessibility , Universal Design for Learning , and the emergence of the Learning Sciences , Mind , Brain , and Education Science , and pivotal pedagogy .
Distance Education and Instructional Design
Distance education began with correspondence education , which was a pioneering approach to instructional design within higher education . Using the postal system , educators were able to instruct students locally , regionally , and nationally through written , personalized correspondence as early as the 1700s . The goal of correspondence education was to “ provide a quality education and enable any and all to expand their intellect and knowledge ” according to Kentor ( 2015 , p . 24 ). The instructional design of correspondence education involved two-way asynchronous interaction between the instructor and students . Arthur J . Klein , Secretary of National University Extension Association in 1920 , described correspondence course design as follows :
As ordinarily applied in correspondence study the method consists of the assignment of the instructor of carefully planned
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