Journal of Critical Infrastructure Policy
largely non-engineered with low importance factors , the implication being that they were highly vulnerable to damage and disruption from hurricane and other events ( Kirby 2020 ).
Research : further exploration of the relationship between adaptive behavior and criticality , as well as design frameworks that enable the quantification of tradeoffs inherent in this relationship ; techniques and technologies to support the design of adaptive ESS .
Education : exploration of methods for quantifying ESS criticality as a function of societal adaptive capacity ; design methodologies for adaptive reuse ; training in systems thinking for ESS design and operation .
Societal Impacts
When possible , we should learn from other efforts to re-design in light of other performance outcomes beyond cost and efficiency . This may include design to support use of adaptive capacity in potentially diverse populations , as well as assessment of longer-term impacts of hazard mitigation measures . An example is the U . S . National Institute of Building Sciences framework that , in seeking to monetize mitigation investments , encompasses psychological trauma , disruption of livelihood , and other factors that equate to measurable societal impacts ( Porter et al . 2019 ).
In the way that our desire to achieve engineered structures at the lowest minimum cost gave way to a more balanced approach — where sustainability from the standpoint of energy efficiency came to be not an afterthought in the design process but an equal partner — now our design must evolve to accommodate health and continuity of service during pandemic times . More fundamentally , a more robust and transparent approach to ESS design and analysis will include tools and techniques not only for incorporating the norms and values of a society — its ethos — into engineering artifacts , but also for extracting and analyzing the ethos implicit within engineering artifacts .
Research : methodological work on alternative formulations for measuring ESS performance , particularly to capture concerns of equity ; methods and data to support the study of tipping points in a community ’ s ability to prevent or adapt to different hazards , particularly through ESS design and use .
Education : methodological integration of equity-related concerns into techniques for ESS design and analysis ; ability to incorporate ethical stances into models , and to understand the ethical stances of models ; continued exploration of methods for human-centered design .
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