416 J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 42( 2026)
Author contribution statement
Investigation: H. G., P. T., R. P.; Supervision: P. T., R. P., P. G., M. F.; Methodology: H. M., P. T., R. P., P. G., M. F.; Software: H. M., P. T., R. P.; Validation: P. T., R. P., P. G., M. F.; Visualization: H. M., P. T., R. P.; Formal analysis: H. M., P. T., R. P., P. G., M. F.; Funding acquisition: P. T., R. P., P. G., M. F.; Writing – original draft: H. M.; Writing – review & editing: P. T., R. P., P. G., M. F.
References
1 Bociort F, Optical System Optimization, in Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering( Print) – Five Volume Set, 2nd edn., edited by C. Hoffman, R. Driggers( CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2015), pp. 2206 – 2212. https:// www. taylorfrancis. com / books / 9781351247184 / chapters / 10.1081 / E-EOE2- 120009685.
2 Sun H, Lens design: a practical guide( CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2017). 3 Zhang K-Y, Yuan X-Y, Cui X-Q, Automatic generation of optical initial configuration based on Delano diagram, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 16( 1), 007( 2016). https:// iopscience. iop. org / article / 10.1088 / 1674-4527 / 16 / 1 / 007. 4 Côté G, Lalonde J-F, Thibault S, Deep learning-enabled framework for automatic lens design starting point generation, Opt. Exp. 29( 3), 3841( 2021). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = oe-29-3-3841.
5 Yow AP, et al., Artificial intelligence in optical lens design, Artif. Intel. Rev. 57( 8), 193( 2024). https:// link. springer.- com / 10.1007 / s10462-024-10842-y.
6 Dai F, Feng H, Xu Z, Automatic design method for miniature aspheric lens based on modified basin-hopping algorithm, Opt. Exp 33( 11), 22570( 2025). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = oe-33-11-22570.
7 Mao B, et al., FreeformNet: fast and automatic generation of multiple-solution freeform imaging systems enabled by deep learning. Photon. Res. 11( 8), 1408( 2023). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = prj-11-8-1408.
8 Bociort F, Finding new local minima in lens design landscapes by constructing saddle points, Opt. Eng. 48( 6), 063001( 2009). http:// opticalengineering. spiedigitallibrary. org / article. aspx? doi = 10.1117 / 1.3156022. 9 Livshits I, et al., Using saddle points for challenging optical design tasks, in SPIE Proceedings, edited by RB Johnson, VN Mahajan, S Thibault( San Diego, California, United States, 2014), p. 919204. http:// proceedings. spiedigitallibrary. org / proceeding. aspx? doi = 10.1117 / 12.2061975
10 Van Grol P, Van Turnhout M, Bociort F, Obtaining different lens system shapes by using Saddle-Point Construction, in Classical Optics 2014( Kohala Coast, Hawaii, 2014), p. IW1A. 3. https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = IODC- 2014-IW1A. 3.
11 Van Turnhout M, et al., Obtaining new local minima in lens design by constructing saddle points. Opt. Exp. 23( 5), 6679
( 2015). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = oe-23-5- 6679.
12 Münz H, Peschka M, Principal component analysis of refractive index spaces: From glass properties to residual colour prediction. EPJ Web Conf. 309, 03019( 2024). https:// www. epj-conferences. org / 10.1051 / epjconf / 202430903019.
13 Hou Z, Systematic search for new solutions in lens design. Disertation. Delft University of Technology, 2023. https:// doi. org / 10.4233 / uuid: 485031ef-4fcf-4c2f-9a6b- 41b037e88afe.
14 Marinescu O, Bociort F, Network search method in the design of extreme ultraviolet lithographic objectives. Appl. Opt. 46( 35), 8385( 2007). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = ao-46-35-8385.
15 Bociort F, Van Turnhout M., Marinescu O, Practical guide to saddle-point construction in lens design, in SPIE Proceedings, edited by PZ Mouroulis, WJ Smith, RB Johnson( San Diego, CA, 2007), p. 666708.
16 Szulc A, Improved solution for the cemented doublet, Appl. Opt. 35( 19), 3548( 1996). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = ao-35-19-3548. 17 Schott AG, Schott optical glass datasheet collection( 2024). 18 Zhang S, Shannon RR, Lens design using a minimum number of glasses, in SPIE Proceedings, vol. 2263, edited by RE Fischer, WJ Smith( San Diego, CA, 1994), pp. 2 – 9.
19 Besenmatter W, How many glass types does a lens designer really need? in International Optical Design Conference, Kona, HI, edited by LR Gardner, KP Thompson( 1998), p. 294.
20 Griffin DW, Selection of optical glasses using Buchdahl’ s chromatic coordinate, in International Optical Design Conference, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii( 1998), p. LTuC. 7. https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = IODC-1998-LTuC. 7.
21 Sola La Serna P., Sánchez-Capuchino Revuelta J. Optical glass selection for color corrected broadband instrumentation: an overview, Appl. Opt. 61( 3), A50( 2022). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = ao-61-3-A50.
22 Héron S, Semet Y, Visible imaging system optical design by continuous optimization of glasses, EPJ Web Conf. 287, 02009( 2023). https:// www. epj-conferences. org / 10.1051 / epjconf / 202328702009.
23 Schott AG, HT and HTultra Glass Optical glasses with ultra high transmittance( 2025).
24 Lytle JD, Design of apochromats by graphical construction, in SPIE Proceedings, edited by WJ Smith( San Diego, 1974), pp. 239 – 246.
25 Robb PN, Selection of optical glasses 1: Two materials, Appl. Opt. 24( 12), 1864( 1985). https:// opg. optica. org / abstract. cfm? URI = ao-24-12-1864.
26 Münz H, Sacks JA, Bentley JL, Single-term theory of induced secondary axial color. Opt. Eng. 64( 03), 035101( 2025). https:// www. spiedigitallibrary. org / journals / optical-engineering / volume-64 / issue-03 / 035101 / Single-term-theory-ofinduced-secondary-axial-color / 10.1117 / 1. OE. 64.3.035101. full.