22
J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 2( 2026)
Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data availability statement
The datasets used and / or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Figure 14. The dependency of the non-linear absorption coefficient on hm for Bi 2-x Mn x O 3 thin films.
Increased nonlinear absorption at lower energies could result from stronger interactions between photons and bound electron-hole pairs or exciton states.
4 Conclusion
This study highlights the significant influence of Mn doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Bi 2-x Mn x O 3 thin films. Increasing Mn concentration( x = 0 to 0.1) enhances absorbance, reduces transmittance, and increases reflectance, indicating improved light absorption due to the introduction of new electronic states within the bandgap. The absorption coefficient rises with higher Mn content, accompanied by a sharp peak and a shift in absorption spectra, suggesting enhanced electronic transitions and a narrowed bandgap from 3.6 eV to 3.29 eV. The Urbach energy increases with Mn doping, reflecting greater structural disorder and localized states, which further supports the observed optical enhancements. The refractive index, dielectric constants, and optical and electrical conductivities also increase with Mn incorporation, driven by modifications in the electronic structure and enhanced polarization. These changes, coupled with increased nonlinear optical properties such as the nonlinear refractive index and absorption coefficient, demonstrate the potential of Mn-doped Bi 2 O 3 thin films for tailoring optical behavior. The findings suggest that precise control of Mn doping is critical for optimizing the performance of Bi 2-x Mn x O 3 thin films in applications such as photocatalysis, photovoltaic devices, and advanced optoelectronic systems.
Funding
The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number( PNURSP2025R38), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Author contribution statement
Conceptualization: Wael Mohammed and A. M. Aboraia; Methodology: Ibrahim M. Sharaf; Software, Validation: Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi, Fatemah H. Alkallas, and Mohamed S. I. Koubisy; Formal Analysis: Mohamed S. I. Koubisy; Investigation: Ibrahim M. Sharaf; Writing – Original Draft Preparation: Fatemah H. Alkallas, Mohamed S. I. Koubisy; Writing – Review & Editing: Fatemah H. Alkallas and A. M. Aboraia; Visualization: Ibrahim M. Sharaf; Supervision: Abdelaziz M. Aboraia; Funding Acquisition: Fatemah H. Alkallas.
Supplementary material
Figure S1: TheEDSofpureBi 2 O 3 and doping with different concentrations of Mn.
The supplementary material of this article is available at https:// jeos. edpsciences. org / 10.1051 / jeos / 2025054 / olm.
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