JEOS RP ISSN03 | Page 170

J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 16( 2026) 163
8 Shi SQ, Niu HS, Shi WH, et al., Integrated optical tunable delay line and microwave photonic beamforming chip: a review, Laser Photonics Rev. 17, 7( 2025). https:// doi. org / 10.1002 / lpor. 202400663.
9 Hu C, Luo B, Bai W L, et al., Stable radio frequency transmission of single optical source over fiber based on passive phase compensation, IEEE Photonics J. 13, 1( 2021). https:// doi. org / 10.1109 / JPHOT. 2021.3054043.
10 Guan X, Lyu M, Shi W, et al., Polarization-insensitive silicon microring modulator for single sideband modulation, J. Lightwave Technol. 40, 3( 2021). https:// doi. org / 10.1109 / jlt. 2021.3124467.
11 Ding YH, Cheng Z, Zhu XL, et al., Ultra-compact integrated graphene plasmonic photodetector with bandwidth above 110 GHz, Nanophotonics. 9, 2( 2019). https:// doi. org / 10.1515 / nanoph-2019-0167.
12 Li Q, Zhu H, Zhang H, et al., Phase modulators in hybrid silicon and lithium niobate thin films, Opt. Mater. Express 12, 4( 2022). https:// doi. org / 10.1364 / ome. 452404.
13 Xu M, He M, Zhu Y, et al., Integrated thin film lithium niobate Fabry – Perot modulator, Chin. Opt. Lett. 19, 6( 2021). https:// doi. org / 10.3788 / COL202119.060003.
14 S. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, et al., Bandwidth limitation mechanisms of bulk lithium niobate modulators for highspeed photonics. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 28, 4( 2022). https:// doi. org / 10.1109 / JSTQE. 2022.3151289.
15 Taghizadeh MR, Eftekhar AA, Khoshsima H, et al., Integration challenges of bulk LiNbO 3 modulators with silicon photonic platforms. Optics Commun. 494, 126958( 2021). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. optcom. 2021.126958.
16 Bowers JE, Zhang X, Sun Y, et al., Thin-film lithium niobate: A game-changer for high-bandwidth and integrated photonics. Nat. Photonics 16, 471( 2022). https:// doi. org / 10.1038 / s41566-022-01001-8.
17 Yu M, Vanackere T, Zhang S, et al., Low-loss Si 3 N 4-TFLN heterogeneous integrated waveguides for high-performance photonics. APL Photonics 8, 106101( 2023). https:// doi. org / 10.1063 / 5.0162432.
18 Boes A, Chang L, Langrock C, et al., Lithium niobate photonics: unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum, Science 379, 6627( 2023). https:// doi: 10.1126 / science. abj4396.
19 Yang P, Sun S, Zhang Y, et al., High-bandwidth lumped Mach-Zehnder modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate, Photonics 11, 5( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.3390 / photonics11050399.
20 Wang S, Wei C, Jiang C, et al., Simulation and analysis of low half-wave voltage lithium niobate thin film electrooptical modulator, J. Univ. Shanghai Sci. Technol. 43, 5( 2021). https:// doi. org / 10.13255 / j. cnki. jusst. 20201123002.
21 Yao XS, Yang Y, Ma X, et al., On-chip real-time detection of optical frequency variations with ultrahigh resolution using the sine-cosine encoder approach, Nat. Commun. 16, 1( 2025). https:// doi. org / 10.1038 / s41467-025-58251-1.
22 Wang ZZ, Li XY, Ji JT, et al., Fast-speed and low-powerconsumption optical phased array based on lithium niobate waveguides, Nanophotonics 13, 13( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1515 / nanoph-2024-0066.
23 Marpaung D, Yao J, Capmany J. Integrated microwave photonics, Nat. Photon. 13, 2( 2019). https:// doi. org / 10.1038 / s41566-018-0310-5.
24 Li T, Hou J, Yan J, et al., Chiplet heterogeneous integration technology – Status and challenges, Electronics 9, 4( 2020). https:// doi. org / 10.3390 / electronics9040670.
25 Li Z, Sharma N, Lopez-Rodriguez B, et al., Heterogeneous integration of amorphous silicon carbide on thin film lithium niobate, APL Photonics 10, 1( 2025). https:// doi. org / 10.1063 / 5.0228408.
26 Shen JG, Wu GL, Zou WW, et al., Linear and stable photonic radio frequency phase shifter based on a dualparallel Mach-Zehnder modulator using a two-drive scheme, Appl. Opt. 52, 8332( 2013).
27 Yao JP. Microwave photonics. J. Lightw. Technol. 27, 314( 2009). https:// doi. org / 10.1109 / JLT. 2008.2009551.
28 Huang Y, Jiang Z, Gu J, Yuan, G, Zheng Y, Li K, Chen M, Wang L, Geng Z. Cascaded micro-ring resonators for lowcrosstalk high-density photonic convolutional computing. Laser Photonics Rev. 19, 2401874( 2025).
29 Chen L, Xu Q, Wood M G, et al., Hybrid silicon and lithium niobate electro-optical ring modulator. Optica 1, 2( 2014). https:// doi. org / 10.1364 / OPTICA. 1.000112.
30 Lu J, Surya J B, Liu X, et al., Periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate microring resonators with a second-harmonic generation efficiency of 250,000 %/ W, Optica, 6, 1455( 2019). https:// doi. org / 10.1364 / OPTICA. 6.001455.
31 Dong Y, Cheng J, Gao D. High-efficiency second harmonic generation in periodically poled thin film lithium niobate waveguide, in 2024 Photonics and Electromagnetics Research Symposium( PIERS), Chengdu, China( 2024), pp. 1 – 5. https:// doi. org / 10.1109 / PIERS62282.2024.10618374.
32 Ginés Lifante. Light propagation in waveguides: the beam propagation method, in Integrated Photonics: Fundamentals( John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2003), pp. 136 – 162. https:// doi. org / 10.1002 / 0470861401. ch5.
33 Okamoto K. in Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, 4th ed.( Academic Press, San Diego, 2015), pp. 123 – 130.
34 Hunsperger RG. in Integrated Optics: Theory and Technology, 7th ed.( Springer, Berlin 2017), pp. 89 – 95.
35 Yang LJ, Feng LD, Qi ZM. Analyses of wavelength dependence of the electro-optic overlap integral factor for LiNbO 3 channel waveguides, Acta Phys. Sin. 63, 07( 2014). https:// doi. org / 10.7498 / aps. 63.077801.
36 Xu Q, Schmidt B, Pradhan S, et al., Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature 435, 7040( 2005). https:// doi. org / 10.1038 / nature03569.
37 Xue X, Xu Y, Ding W, et al., High-performance thin-film lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator on thick silica buffering layer. arxiv: 2412.12556( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.48550 / arXiv. 2412.12556.
38 Vanackere T, Yu M, Zhang S, et al., Heterogeneous integration of a high-speed lithium niobate modulator on silicon nitride using micro-transfer printing, APL Photonics 8, 086102( 2023). https:// doi. org / 10.1063 / 5.0150878.