J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 10( 2026) 105
Fig
. 7.( a) Schematic illustration of non-invasive tumor imaging based on multi parameter glucose metabolism and receptor-ligand engagement using dark quenched FRET acceptor.( b) Schematic illustration of Fluonanobody-based nanosensor via fluorescence resonance energy transfer for ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A.( c) Schematic diagram of high-performance fluorescent microspheres based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer mode for lateral flow immunoassay.( d) Schematic illustration of the Principle of the Ratiometric Fluorescence Aptasensor Based on Multivalent Aptamer Encoded DNA Flowers.
for optimizing preclinical drug research and development, and also opening up a new way to understand the relationship between tumor microenvironment and therapeutic response.
In the field of food safety, FRET technology provides an efficient solution for rapid detection. Su et al. [ 78 ] developed a Fluonanobody-based nanosensor( FN-Nanosens) for the ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A( OTA) based on the FRET technique, as shown in Figure 7b. Thesensor uses a fusion protein( SGFP-Nb) of a superfolded green fluorescent protein( SGFP) and a nanobody( Nb) as an energy donor and OTA-labelled quantum dots( OTA-RQDs) as an energy acceptor. The efficient FRET effect was achieved by optimising the reaction conditions( e such as donoracceptor molar ratio, pH, etc.). Molecular docking analysis showed that the binding of SGFP-Nb to OTA was dependent on hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc., ensuring high selectivity. Compared with the chromatographic method, this method is easy to operate, low cost and suitable for the rapid detection of OTA in food.
The combination of FRET technology and new fluorescent materials further improves the detection performance. Wang et al. [ 79 ] successfully constructed FRET modes by encapsulating two aggregation induced emission( AIE) fluorescent groups( TCBPEME and BAPF) with spectral overlap in polymer microspheres, as shown in Figure 7c. In this study, AIE doped polymer microspheres
( DAIEPMs) were synthesized by microemulsion method. DAIEPMs exhibit significant large Stokes shift and fluorescence enhancement effects, while possessing high quantum yield and excellent energy transfer efficiency. At the application level, DAIEPMs have been successfully used as fluorescent markers in lateral flow immunoassay( LFIA), achieving ultra-high sensitivity detection of organochlorine pesticide chlorothalonil( CTN), with a detection limit significantly better than traditional quantum dot microsphere and gold nanoparticle labeling methods. In addition, DAIEPMs exhibit excellent anti-interference performance and thermal stability in complex matrices, providing new ideas for optimizing the performance of fluorescent materials. This study not only highlights the potential of FRET technology in improving detection sensitivity, but also lays an important foundation for developing high-performance optical detection platforms.
FRET technology also shows unique advantages in allergen detection. Qi et al. [ 80 ] developed a ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on multivalent aptamer-encoded DNA flowers( Mul-DNFs) for the detection of the peanut allergen Ara h1, as shown in Figure 7d. A large number of aptamers were modified on the surface of the selfassembled Mul-DNFs by rolling circle amplification( RCA), which dramatically enhanced the binding ability. The sensor utilises Cy3 / Cy5-labelled complementary DNA to construct a FRET platform, and the dissociation