6
J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 21, 31( 2025)
Fig. 1. Pseudocolor image( left) and ground-truth image( right).( a) Gulfport.( b) Texas Coast.( c) San Diego-II.( d) HYDICE.( e) San Diego-I.( f) Cement Street.( g) Holly.( h) Jungle.
3
Experiment and analysis
3.1 Datasets description
The experimental data includes publicly available datasets captured by satellites and private datasets captured by ourselves, with pseudocolor images and ground truth maps shown in Figure 1. Gulfport, HYDICE, Texas Coast, and San Diego are public datasets. Cement Street, Holly, and Jungle are private datasets. Our hyperspectral imaging instrument’ s spectral component is an acousto-optic tunable filter( AOTF) with a wavelength range of 449 – 801 nm, including 89 bands with a band spacing of 4 nm. The detailed information on the datasets is as follows:
1. Gulfport: Captured by the Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer( AVIRIS) sensor, with a spatial resolution of 3.4 m. The size of the hyperspectral image is 100 100 191. Due to the water absorption region and lower signal-to-noise ratio, after removing the bad bands, the spectral wavelength ranges from 400 to 2500 nm, with a total of 191 bands. The anomaly types in this HSI dataset are the three planes at the bottom of the image, occupying 60 pixels.
2. HYDICE: Captured by the Hyperspectral Digital Image Collection Experiment( HYDICE) sensor in urban areas of California, USA. The size of the hyperspectral image is 80 100 175, with noise bands removed from the image. This dataset includes 21 outlier pixels, namely cars and roofs.
3. Texas Coast: A series of scenes captured by the Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer( AVIRIS) sensor in the Texas coastal region. The size of the hyperspectral image is 100 100 207. There are 207 bands within the range of 0.45 to 1.35 lm. This dataset is subject to a series of stripe noises and is considered challenging.
4. San Diego: collected by the Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer( AVIRIS) at San Diego Airport in California, USA. The size of the hyperspectral image is 400 400 224. The spectral resolution is 10 nm, and the wavelength range is 0.37 – 2.51 lm. After removing the low signal-to-noise ratio and absorption bands( 1 – 6, 33 – 35, 97, 107 – 113, 153 – 166, and 221 – 224), 189 bands were retained in the experiment. Crop two 100 100 sized regions from HSI and apply them to the experiment. Aircraft are considered anomalous targets in each hyperspectral image. The two HSIs are named San Diego-I and San Diego-II, respectively.
5. Cement Street: The size of the hyperspectral image is 300 500 89. Taken on April 6, 2024, with geographic coordinates( 38 ° 27 0 W, 114 ° 30 0 E) and a ground spatial resolution of 1.5 mm, it belongs to the cement road background and targets two alloy airplane models.
6. Holly: The size of the hyperspectral image is 496 600 89, with fake turf-A as the abnormal target, and the background includes holly flower beds and building shadows. It was taken on May 26, 2022, at geographic coordinates( 38 ° 27 0 W, 114 ° 30 0 E), with a ground spatial resolution of approximately 8.4 mm.