J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 21, 6( 2025) 47
Figure 1. The preparation process of the TiO 2-doped V 2 O 5 / FTO film.
Figure 2. The structure of the device.
the largest transmittance variation. It proves that the 12 % TiO 2-doped V 2 O 5 / FTO film has the better modulation characteristics, so the following experiments are carriedout by this kind of sample.
Figure 4 shows the SEM image of the prepared film tested at room temperature. In Figure 4( a) and( b), it can be found that the pure V 2 O 5 / FTO film was well fabricated with a dense surface. In Figure 4( c) and( d), itisobserved that TiO 2 nano powder has been evenly dispersed into the composite film. Figures show that TiO 2 particles were predominantly found in proximity to grain boundaries with segregation behavior. The generation of pores may be