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J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 21, 14( 2025)
chaotic regimes through experimental tools such as Poincaré maps, entropy calculations, and phase diagrams has demonstrated the complexity of these dynamics. The findings tend to confirm the type-I intermittency scenario in the Q-switching dynamics, with laminar phases preceding chaotic transitions. The study also underscores the critical role of synchronization loss between the Q-switched laser at 2.3 lm and the relaxation oscillations of the 1.9 lm cascade laser in driving chaotic behavior. This desynchronization provides a plausible explanation for the onset of instability and chaotic regimes. These results not only deepen the understanding of chaotic dynamics in Q-switched Tm-doped lasers but also provide a basis for future studies aiming to control or exploit such instabilities in advanced photonic applications, including atmospheric sensing and medical diagnostics. Further exploration and modelization of dual-wavelength interactions and synchronization phenomena will be valuable in advancing the development and stability of mid-infrared laser systems. The current numerical model actually do not totally explain the intensity of the chaotic behavior and extra coupled phenomenon is under investigation. The analysis of intermittent dynamics provides valuable insights into complex systems, contributing to our understanding of the fundamental principles underlying natural and engineered systemssuchascascadelaseremittingintheMIR. Inthe context of this study, the fact that Tm-doped systems are prone to intermittency chaotic transitions makes Q-switched lasers using this crystal an interesting subject of investigation. These discoveries enhance our understanding of the intricate dynamics of Tm-doped lasers, impacting the design and optimization of MIR-range lasers for diverse applications, with potential extensions to other cascade lasers.
Funding
Agence Nationale de la Recherche( ANR): projects PULSE ANR-20-CE30-0026 and SPLENDID2 ANR-19-CE08-0028.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests to report.
Data availability statement
Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
Author contribution statement
Conceptualization F. D., M. G., and H. D.; Methodology, F. D., M. G., and H. D.; Software, M. G., H. D. and F. D.; Validation, F. D., M. G., and H. D.; Formal Analysis, F. D., M. G. and H. D; Investigation, F. D., M. G., and H. D; Resources, F. D., and P. G; Data Curation, F. D., M. G., H. D and P. G; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, M. G. and F. D.; Writing – Review & Editing, F. D., M. G., H. D and P. G; Visualization, F. D., M. G., H. D and P. G.; Supervision, F. D and P. G.; Project Administration, F. D.; Funding Acquisition, F. D. and P. G
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