J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 2025, 21, 13 Ó The Author( s), published by EDP Sciences, 2025 https:// doi. org / 10.1051 / jeos / 2025008 Available online at: https:// jeos. edpsciences. org
Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Extraction and analysis of spatial heterodyne potassium signals based on principal component analysis and non-local means method
XinQiang Wang 1, 2, SiQian Yang 1, 2, Wei Xiong 3, 4, FangYuan Wang 1, 2,*
, and Song Ye 1, 2
1 School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, PR China 2 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, PR China 3 Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031,
PR China 4 Key Laboratory of General Optical Calibration and Characterization of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
Received 29 November 2024 / Accepted 17 February 2025
Abstract. The use of flame suppressants in jet-propelled aircraft significantly reduces the infrared radiation of their exhaust plumes, thereby increasing the difficulty of target detection based on infrared radiation. Potassium salts, as a component of flame suppressants, produce characteristic signals when burned. To probe into new methods for detecting flying targets, a spatial heterodyne spectrometer is utilized to detect the weak signals from potassium salt combustion against a sky background, combined with data processing techniques. In the experiment, a potassium lamp is employed to simulate the potassium combustion signals and placed in a sky background for data acquisition. Preliminary processing results revealed that the signals were submerged within the atmospheric background. Principal Component Analysis( PCA) is then applied to separate the atmospheric background from the weak potassium lamp signals in the mixed signals, followed by the introduction of the Non-Local Means( NLM) denoising algorithm to suppress noise. Finally, Principal Component Regression( PCR) is used to restore the potassium lamp signals. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the potassium lamp signals could be effectively extracted at a signal-to-noise ratio( SNR) of 0.1310, and the signal intensity exhibited a linear relationship with the current, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9823. Thus, the combination of spatial heterodyne detection technology with PCA and NLM methods is feasible for detecting potassium combustion signals against an atmospheric background to identify jet-propelled flying targets.
Keywords: spectrometer.
Hybrid spectroscopy, Principal component analysis, Non-Local Means, Spatial heterodyne
1 Introduction
Infrared radiation signals have interferences from various factors during atmospheric transmission; this aspect restricts the processing of space remote sensing image information and the accuracy of detection and tracking of the weak infrared targets. Therefore, identifying targets with weak radiation signals against a strong background environment is difficult. The infrared radiation generated during the combustion of propellants is used for the identification of rocket-type aircraft in current space-based infrared early warning systems [ 1 – 5 ]. The methods for target identification based on the infrared radiation characteristics of the tail flame include the processing of the tail flame radiation spectral line data via the line-by-line integration method [ 6 ], the use of the fuzzy algorithm to analyse
* Corresponding author: wangfy @ guet. edu. cn the infrared radiation spectrum signal [ 7 ] of the tail flame and the establishment of a k distribution model to perform numerical calculations on the tail flame radiation signal [ 8 ]. These methods are based on the strong infrared radiation characteristics of the tail flame for target detection. However, with the development of technology, the stealth requirement of low emissions has been proposed for flying targets. The addition of a flame suppressant to the propellant can effectively reduce the infrared radiation intensity of the tail flame [ 9 ]; this increases the difficulty of identification and causes the detection system to have a higher false alarm rate. Therefore, research on new detection methods and technologies is needed to improve the identification ability.
The solid particulate matter in the tail flame is excited at high temperatures during combustion, and a spectrum is generated that can reflect its intrinsic attributes. The spectral information of the different components vary. The use of spectral characteristic information in the field
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