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The buyer, however, is constrained by limited resources. As one interviewed subject-matter expert noted, “the future Facility Manager must be aware that resources are scarce, and must marshal these responsibly and not only focus on cutting costs.” 23 Hence, excellent service is not delivering excess service throughout all parameters – excellent service is delivering on the areas that matter for both end-users and buyers, and cost will always be one of the parameters of importance. Leveraging technology effectively will allow service providers to adopt a framework that enables the buyer to tailor the delivered service so that resources are allocated to the areas that matter for end-users and optimizes outcomes. It is about moving the service from input over output to outcome-based service: Whereas input-based service is concentrated on the hours put into the service, output-based is concentrated on assuring that the service is delivered (that “the floor has been cleaned four times – regardless of the hours required”). Outcome-based service is focused on satisfying and exceeding service expectations (the floor is clean – regardless of how)for both end-users and buyers, while also contributing to more strategic objectives. 4.1 About the report ISS 2020 Vision: Future of Service Management is the fifth and final white book in the ISS 2020 Vision series. It further builds upon and extends the scope of the four previous ISS 2020 Vision studies: Scenarios for the Future of the Global Facility Management Industry (2011), New ways of Working: The Workplace of the Future (2013), Future of Public Sector Outsourcing (2014) and Future of Outsourcing and Perspectives for Facility Management (2015). ISS continues to push the boundaries of discussion in the services space with this latest offering – ISS 2020 Vision: Future of Service Management. This report raises important questions surrounding future opportunities and challenges associated with the provision and delivery of services within Facility Management and related industries. With knowledge and inspiration, ISS strives to contribute to the growing discussions surrounding the future of Service Management. In collaboration with futurists from the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies (CIFS), ISS sets out to explore the critical challenges affecting Service Management and to identify the trends and drivers shaping the future of service. The report evaluates the shifting service landscape and offers insights into emerging threats and opportunities, describing the key to excellence in service futures. Using these insights, this report identifies the future direction of Service Management and provides a mental framework for designing end-user and future- oriented services in the workplace towards 2020 and beyond. It also provides a set of key recommendations for applying Service Management in one’s own organization. 23 Groen, B., ISS 2020 Vision: Future of Service Management, 2016. 26