plex subject matter . A proper foundation requires a general understanding of biochemistry and genetics . Let ’ s begin by defining key fundamentals of the human physiology .
Cells
What are cells ? Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things . The human body is composed of trillions of cells . They provide structure for the body , take in nutrients from food , convert those nutrients into energy , and carry out specialized functions .
DNA
What is DNA ? All the instructions required to direct the cells ’ activities are contained within the chemical deoxyribonucleic acid , also known as DNA . DNA contains the code , or blueprint , used to synthesize a protein . DNA gives the instructions for many functional proteins to be produced inside the cell . DNA from humans is made up of approximately 3 billion nucleotide bases . There are four fundamental types of bases that comprise DNA – adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine . These are commonly abbreviated as A , C , G , and T , respectively . DNA expression through its bases determines the cell ’ s function . Within the 3 billion bases , there are about 20,000 to 25,000 genes .
DNA contains the code , or blueprint , used to synthesize a protein .
Genes
What are genes ? Genes are specific sequences of bases that provide instructions on how to make important proteins . Proteins are molecules that trigger various biological actions needed to carry out life functions . Genes vary in size , depending on the sizes of the proteins for which they code . Each extremely long DNA molecule , containing numerous genes , is coiled up inside one of the chromosomes .
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person ’ s genes . Genes are contained in chromosomes , which are located in the cell nucleus . A chromosome is made of a very long strand of DNA and contains many genes ( hundreds to thousands ). The genes on each chromosome are arranged in a particular sequence , and each gene has a particular location on the chromosome . In addition to DNA , chromosomes contain other chemical components that influence gene function .
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