iS Skin Source 2021 Q2 | Page 19

• Energy Storage – ATP synthase is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP , the main source of cellular energy .
• Intrinsic Antioxidants – In addition to glutathione , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) is another antioxidant made within the human body . SOD is a frequent active included in iS Clinical products . SOD essentially never stops working and can renew itself . It quenches free radicals and stops their downstream damage , therefore helping prevent and refine the appearance of lines and wrinkles , hyperpigmentation , scarring , and inflammation . The enzymatic antioxidant SOD is a reliable workhorse .
Understanding the many requirements for different types of enzymes in the body , and especially the skin , adds value to advanced ingredient technology and high-performance products . As research in enzymology continues to expand , more advancements using enzymes in skincare and the health and wellness industry are anticipated .
3D illustration of the ATP synthesis in a mitochondrion .
Aesthetic professionals are accustomed to seeing protease enzymes , such as bromelain or papain , in skincare products . The sensation in the mouth experienced when eating pineapple is due to the enzymatic activity of bromelain on the oral mucosa . Papain is found in papaya , ficin in figs , and actinidin in banana , papaya , kiwi , and pineapple . Protease enzymes that dissolve proteins are also found in pumpkin and are featured in fall treatment menus offering pumpkin facials , masques , or enzyme peels . The smell and physical softening of aging jack-o-lanterns during fall is related to the fermentation process and protease enzyme release that catalyzes the breakdown of the pumpkins ’ tough protein-based exterior . The presence of enzymes in pumpkin seeds as a healthy snack may aid digestion .
References
• Biology LibreTexts ATP in Metabolism https :// bio . libretexts . org / Bookshelves / Introductory _ and _ General _ Biology / Book % 3A _ General _ Biology _( Boundless )/ 7 % 3A _ Cellular _ Respiration / 7.1 % 3A _ Energy _ in _ Living _ Systems / 7.1C % 3A _ ATP _ in _ Metabolism
• National Center for Biotechnology Information Biochemistry 5th edition Restriction Enzymes https :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / books / NBK22528 /
• Science Direct Journal of Investigative Dermatology Aging- and Photoaging-Dependent Changes of Enzymic and Nonenzymic Antioxidants in the Epidermis and Dermis of Human Skin In Vivo https :// www . sciencedirect . com / science / article / pii / S0022202X15414435
• Enzymology : Accelerating Success in the Skincare Market https :// www . cosmeticsandtoiletries . com / formulating / category / skincare / Enzymology-Accelerating-Success-in-the-Skin-Care-Market-417062653 . html
• National Center for Biotechnology Information US National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health Pakistan Journal Of Medical Sciences https :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pmc / articles / PMC6408631 / www . iSSKINSOURCE . com 19