International Journal on Criminology Volume 7, Number 2, Spring 2020 | Page 31

International Journal on Criminology
Ansar al-Furqan 68 Iran Restructure
Jaish al-Adl 69 Iran Fragmentation
Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Mali Dissolution and Merging
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi 70 Pakistan Fragmentation
Al-Shabaab Somalia Restructure
Ahrar al-Sham 71 Syria Dissolution and Merging
Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (formerly, al-
Nusrah Front)
Syria
Dissolution and Merging
Jaysh al-Islam 72 Syria Dissolution and Merging
Jaish al-Izza 73 Syria Dissolution and Merging
Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade 74 Tunisia Fragmentation, Restructure
Al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula 75 Yemen Restructure
ISIS, but Tehrik-Ul-Mujahideen is the Headache in Kashmir,” One India, https://www.oneindia.com/india/not-isis-but-tehrik-ul-mujahideen-is-the-headache-in-kashmir-2587048.
html.
68 The Ansar a-Furqan was established in 2013 by the merger of two other jihadist groups. “Iran
Sunni Baloch Insurgents: Union with Hizbul-Furqan Strengthens Our Front Against Safavids,”
Worldview, https://eaworldview.com/2013/12/iran-sunni-baloch-insurgents-union-hezb-ulforqan-strengthens-front-safavids/
69 Jaish al-Adl was founded by former members of Jundallah, whose leader was killed in 2012.
“Violence Returns to Iran’s Sistan-Baluchistan Province,” Radio Farda, https://www.rferl.org/a/
violence-sistan-baluchistan/25161200.html.
70 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is an offshoot of anti-Shia party, Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) and was
founded by former SSP members. “Profile: Lashkar-e-Jhangvi,” BBC News, https://www.bbc.
com/news/world-asia-20982987
71 Ahrar al-Sham is an umbrella organization established by the merger of jihadist groups that
left the Free Syrian Army. See E. O’Bagy (2012). “Jihad in Syria,” Middle East Security Report:
Jihad in Syria, https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163800/http:/www.understandingwar.org/
sites/default/files/Jihad-In-Syria-17SEPT.pdf
72 Jaysh al-Islam is another umbrella organization founded by merging different rebel groups, most of
which had been linked to the Free Syrian Army. See A. J. Al-Tamimi, “The Dawn of Freedom Brigades,”
Syria Comment, https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/profile-tajammu-alwiya-fajr-al-hurr
iya/
73 Jaish al-Izza is a group affiliated with the Free Syrian Army and was established by former
members of FSA. The group was an ally of al Nusrah Front. The group has strong linkages with
AQ. “Naked Terrorism in Syria! Jaish al Izza,” Middle East, https://english.iswnews.com/5896/
terrorism-in-syria-jaish-al-izza/.
74 The Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade was established by several AQIM members under the command of the
AQIM leader subsequent to the revolution in Tunisia in 2011. See D. Lounnas, “The Tunisian Jihad
between al Qaeda and ISIS,” Middle East Policy. doi:10.1111/mepo.12403
75 AQ in the Arabian Peninsula was formed in 2009 by the merger of AQ’s Saudi and Yemeni
branches. Saudi suppression was the main reason that AQAP restructured and began to operate
in Yemen. See J. Novak, “Arabian Peninsula al Qaeda Groups Merge,” Long War Journal,
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/01/arabian_peninsula_al.php.
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