International Journal on Criminology Volume 6, Number 2, Winter 2018/Spring 2019 | Page 63

International Journal on Criminology
海事供给能力过剩的危害
摘要
直接应对供给能力过剩是不可能的。然而 , 应对其产生的效应是可行的 , 只要存在海事运作方式。然而 , 为打击犯罪团体国际化、在威胁抵达国土领域之前采取行动、或在外部威胁开始支持内部威胁之前 ,( 我们 ) 需要国际治安监督合作。目的则是通过应对经济或金融事务 , 或者甚至通过警方和法律行动打击个人犯罪 , 以回应国际犯罪机构。
关键词 : 海事 , 供给能力过剩 , 犯罪
Overcapacity is Criminogenic
Overcapacity is when there is an excess in productive capacity compared to
the potential economic activity within that sector. In the maritime context,
this is when there are too many ships in relation to traffic (trade) or
to natural resources (fishing). In the first article of this special issue, it was noted
that maritime overcapacity had become an important driver of criminal activity.
Unfortunately, for some maritime sectors it is almost an externality because we
have little grasp of it. This article describes the forms of this overcapacity in the
sectors of the maritime industry that are most affected.
This overcapacity causes a deterioration of economic conditions for legal
operators, which is in itself criminogenic. A combination of four factors relating to
this deterioration lead to criminal activity. First, it is difficult for operators to fully
abandon activity. A ship loses value more quickly in an economic sector in decline.
Its resale value drops as a used ship or for parts, and the current owner’s ability to
dispose of it becomes diminished. The owner urgently needs to find a profitable
solution. This solution can come through illegal revenue or through reselling the
ship at a low cost to other maritime operators who will continue to use it, even
when it no longer conforms to international standards.
Second, there is the presence of criminal alternatives that are low risk, at
least at first. They make the shift easier and allow operators to become gradually
involved in illegal activities. This takes place in a context where there is pressure—coming
from the modes of investment—to make a profit, along with a need
to avoid sending negative economic signals to investors. One could, for example,
contract fictitious services for the ship (for example, tank decontamination) with
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