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International Journal of Indonesian Studies Autumn 2015
Confrontation and peaceful co-existence ( 1960-1965 )
After the Presidential Decree on July 5 th 1959 , Indonesia ’ s internal condition commenced to stabilise with the formation of the National Front and the new format of Indonesia ’ s governance termed the DPR-GR ( Gotong Royong ) on June 1960 in NASAKOM ( Nasionalist , Agama / Religion , Communist ) concept , without Masjumi and the PSI party . Ir . Soekarno was more impelled to liberate his ideas about Rediscovery to Our Revolution , National Revolution , Nation-character building , Trisakti , NEFO ( New Emerging Forces ), and To Build the World Anew , all concepts reflected in Ir . Soekarno ’ s official speeches and legalised as the orientation of nation-state development or GBHN ( Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Negara ) in Tap / MPRS / No1 / 1960 . Thus , in the domain of policy , a regulation in National Planning Department / Depernas , Rancangan Pembangunan Semesta and MANIPOL-USDEK ( Politic Manifesto-UUD 45 , Indonesian Socialism , Guided Democracy , Guided Economy , Nation Character ) became the reference point around which development in domestic affairs and foreign affairs would commence .
The nuclear crisis in the 1960s was the first step for Indonesia to make itself a beacon in global conflict by bringing the issues of world peace and the finalisation of sovereignty in the Asian-African sphere to the forefront of international debate . In the post- Bandung Conference period , Indonesia initiated and participated in a wide range of international dialogues and conferences , such as the Asian-African Students Conference in Bandung ( 1956 ), the First Asian-African Writers Conference in New Delhi ( 1956 ), the Asian- African People Solidarity Conference in Cairo ( 1957 ), the First Asian-African Women Conference in Colombo ( 1958 ), the Asian-African Youth Conference in Cairo ( 1959 ), the Asian-African Law Master Conference in Conakry ( 1962 ), the Asian-African Journalist Conference in Jakarta ( 1963 ), the First Asian-African Workers Conference in Jakarta ( 1964 ), the Asian-African Pediatrics Conference in Jakarta ( 1964 ), the Asian-African Movie Festival in Jakarta ( 1964 ), the Seminar of Economic Asia-Africa in Aljazair ( 1965 ), as well as playing a role in the Non-Alignment Movement , and promoting the PRC ’ s membership in the United Nations .
These ideas were supported by the Soviet Union and PRC in diplomacy , politics , economics and military matters which helped Indonesia to promote the Bandung Spirit to Asian-African countries in their struggles to break free of colonialism , in states such as the Congo , Algeria and Vietnam . 8 As a result , after the Bandung Conference until 1964 , 35 countries in Africa declared their independence , making Indonesia ’ s efforts more concerted in its conduct of the NEFO ’ s conception and the Non-Alignment Movement with additional support from Latin American states . Those conceptions not only occurred in the domains of
8 Roberts ( 1999 , 46 ) write that the practical face of Soviet policy in the third world was diplomatic support for
the Bandung movement of non-aligned state .. economic and military aid to newly independent states ( for example , India and Egypt ) and political encouragement of the radical tendencies in Third World nationalism ; the latter effort being informed by the concept that there could be a rapid transition from national liberation to socialism .