Thus, Simon spoke about a more inclusive identity as well as equality, recognition, and respect that went beyond the borders of in-group similarities. This formed the main hypothesis of the dual-level disapproval-respect model of tolerance presented by the scholar. According to the model suggested by Simon, “attitudes or acts of disapproval between the in-groups that are restrained by respect for others as equals constitute the realm of tolerance. Attitudes or acts of unrestrained disapproval, which deny others their respect as equals, are clearly outside the realm of tolerance and constitute the realm of intolerance.”
The model presented several advantages, such as allowing groups to maintain authenticity while being disapproving and fighting intolerance without resorting to intolerant methods. "The recipients of such tolerance are able to live authentically despite others' disapproval of them, while the tolerant, those who practice such tolerance, are able to live authentically because they do not have to give up their disapproval," he emphasized. However, according to Simon, the burden to put up with being disapproved of and with someone's disapproval being restrained by tolerance "needs to be fairly balanced."
Nevertheless, while tolerance as recognition of equals was essential, exceptional circumstances could necessitate a temporary suspension of this principle. "We have to realize that under those exceptional circumstances we are no longer tolerant ourselves," he warned. In conclusion, Simon also cautioned that the concept was susceptible to challenges if the higher collective identity was undermined, jeopardizing the basis for mutual respect and, thus, tolerance itself. ∎