Figure 7 : Example of Pipeline Dent Affiliated Defects
Source : “ Standards and methods for dent assessment and failure prediction of pipelines : A critical review ”, KeAi , Petroleum Science 2022 , by Jian Zhao , Yun-Rong Lv & Y . Frank Cheng
from cyclic loading , may exist on the dented pipeline . The exposure of cyclic loading may eventually cause cracks that propagate and result in pipeline leakages . Thus , the objective of repair is to prolong the pipeline service lifespan by improving fatigue life , either via stress concentration removal or enforcing material strength . There is no ideal solution as mechanical damage mitigation is on a case-by-case basis . It all depends on the Best Practicable Means in evaluating the severity of the hazard , understanding the risk , and mitigating the situation using a suitable method , taking into account the overall cost .
Conclusion
Offshore Pipeline damage is unprecedented and usually relatively costly in terms of inspection and repair . Nonetheless , all pipeline owners in Malaysia need to demonstrate due diligence in maintaining their own assets appropriately . Furthermore , there are many advanced pipelinesassociated technology in the market which oil and gas industry players can explore , for example , underwater autonomous devices that can perform 3D profile scans , inspections and wrapping in a single machine . In the future , there is the potential to move into deep water where human execution could potentially be limited and technology would then be the most practical solution .
Note : All photos and formula in this article are meant for sharing and educational purpose .
REFERENCE
[ 1 ] Law of Malaysia , Act 302 , Petroleum ( Safety Measures ) Act 1984
[ 2 ] Petroleum ( Safety Measures ) ( Transportation of Petroleum by Pipelines ) Regulation 1985
[ 3 ] Article “ Public-Private Partnership in Oil Spill Response in Malaysia : a Review ” by Mohd Nizam Basiron and Fazil Baharuddin .
[ 4 ] The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , ASME PCC-2 ( 2015 ), Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping
[ 5 ] External Surface Cracked Offshore Pipes Reinforced with Composite Repair System : A Numerical Analysis , Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics , Elsevier , Vol 117 , Feb 2022 , by Zongchen Li , Xiaoli Jiang , Hans Hopman .
[ 6 ] Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition , The Flexible Grouted Clamp - A Novel Approach to Emergency Pipeline Repair , by Roland Palmer-Jones , Gordon Paterson , and Glenn Aldo Nespeca .
[ 7 ] The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , ASME B31.4 ( 2019 ) Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries
[ 8 ] The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , ASME B31.8 ( 2018 ) Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
[ 9 ] The American Society of Mechanical Engineer , ASME B31G ( 2012 ) Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines
[ 10 ] www . britannica . com / story / 9-of-the-biggestoil-spills-in-history
[ 11 ] www . itopf . org / knowledge-resources / countries-territories-regions / malaysia /
[ 12 ] www . twi-global . com / technical-knowledge / job-knowledge / complying-with-nacehardness-requirements-119
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