‟... it is recommended that BA should be considered
for declassification as a schedule waste and allow
the material to be used in more broad and general
applications, especially for civil engineering, industrial
and agricultural use. It is wasteful if we continue to
send this material to secured landfills rather than
putting it to good and secured use.
Conclusion
This article has gathered scientific data,
information from benchmark studies, evidence
from industrial applications and information
related to BA applications. BA has very similar
properties with river sand and common soil. It
is physically unwavering, chemically innocuous
and has a very minimum leaching effect. BA is
used for various engineering, construction and
industrial applications worldwide as stated in this
article. Many developed countries have tapped
this valuable resource and commercialised it for
many applications, not only limited to industrial
and construction but also in other economic
sectors. Hence, it is recommended that BA should
be considered for declassification as a schedule
waste and allow the material to be used in more
broad and general applications, especially for civil
engineering, industrial and agricultural use. It is
wasteful if we continue to send this material to
secured landfills rather than putting it to good and
secured use.
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to the
Construction Research Institute of Malaysia
(CREAM) and the Construction Industry
Development Board of Malaysia (CIDB) for
technical support, advice and guidance and to
the Environmental Preservation and Innovation
Centre Sdn Bhd (EPIC) for the financial support in
publishing this article.
References
L.B. Andrade et al. (2009). Influence of Coal
Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate on Fresh Properties
of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials
(23)2, 609-614. Retrieved from https://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0950061808001244
M H Abdullah et al. (2019). Bottom Ash Utilization:
A Review on Engineering Applications and
Environmental Aspects. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci.
Eng. 527 012006
Thomas H. Adams (2018). Coal Ash Recycling
Reaches Record 64 Percent Amid Shifting
Productions and Use Patterns. Retrieved from
https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/
Coal-Ash-Production-and-Use-2017.pdf
Nurul Izzati Raihan Tarmizi et al. (2016). Physical
and Chemical Properties of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA)
from Tanjung Bin Power Plant. IOP Conf. Ser.:
Mater. Sci. Eng. 160 012056
Ukarsh S. (2019). Use of Bottom Ash for
Wastewater Treatment. Retrieved from https://
www.verywellmind.com/apa-format-examplestips-and-guidelines-4020415
Rhie Y.H. et all (2018). Physical and Chemical
Properties of Bottom Ash and Coir Dust Mix Used
as Horticultural Substrates. Horticultural Science
and Technology. 36(2), 161-171. Retrieved
from https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/
abstract/20183179693
69