INGENIEUR
INGENIEUR
Irrigation scheme |
Irrigation water resources |
Reference |
MADA |
Muda River Basin , Pedu river |
Firdaus et al . ( 2020 ) |
KADA |
Kelantan River Basin , Kemasin river , |
Mohd Aris et al . ( 2023 ) |
|
Ketereh river , Semarak river |
|
IADA Kemasin-Semerak |
Semerak River Basin |
Samsudin et al . ( 2023 ) |
IADA KETARA |
Besut River Basin , Angga river , Pedu |
Lee et al . ( 2005 ) |
|
river |
|
IADA Kerian-Sungai Manik |
Kurau River Basin |
Adib & Harun ( 2022 ) |
IADA Northwest Selangor Project |
Bernam River Basin |
Ismail , Rowshon , et al . |
|
|
( 2020 ) |
Table 1 : Irrigation water resources for rice granaries in Malaysia
Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority ( KADA ), Integrated Agriculture Development Project ( IADA ) Kerian-Sungai Manik , IADA Pulau Pinang , IADA Seberang Perak , IADA Northwest Selangor Project , IADA Kemasin-Semerak , and IADA North Terengganu Integrated Agriculture Development ( KETARA ).
Apart from these granaries , there are mini granaries that contribute approximately 76,094 ha , making a total area of 689,268 ha ( Dorairaj & Govender , 2023 ; Vaghefi et al ., 2016 ).
Rice is a staple food in Malaysia and a defining feature of our culture . Khazanah Research Institute ( 2019 ) reported that in 2016 , Malaysian citizens consumed 80 kg of rice per person , costing an average of RM44 / month per household . In the same year , the consumption of rice reached 2.7 million metric tonnes ( m MT 2 ), with 67 % domestically produced , and the remaining portion imported from Thailand , Vietnam , and Pakistan .
Irrigation Supply
To successfully achieve the five pillars of the National Food Security Policy Action Plan ( 2021 – 2025 ), which are availability , accessibility , consumption , stability , and sustainability for rice ( Dorairaj & Govender , 2023 ), it starts with irrigation water availability as a massive volume of water is a key element for rice growing areas . In Malaysia , rice is planted twice annually ( double cropping ) over two seasons . The main season ( humid weather , normally the last six months of the year ) is less irrigation-dependent , whereas the off-season ( dry weather , normally the first six months of the year ) depends on irrigation ( Nasir , Harun , et al ., 2024 ; Rowshon et al ., 2019 ; Tukimat et al ., 2017 ). The rice is cultivated under constant irrigation to ensure sustainable and continuous production .
Rice irrigation for double-cropping practices consumes nearly 80 % of Malaysia ’ s water resources . Rice field systems in Malaysia rely primarily on river water from river basins to meet the high irrigation requirement , although they are often inadequate , especially during the off-season . Consequently , difficulty arises in allocating irrigation water supply to rice fields . Table 1 shows the river basins and rivers that act as the primary irrigation sources for the rice fields . Some rice schemes integrate river flow from river basins with reservoirs to overcome water shortages and fulfil irrigation needs . Therefore , forecasting streamflow is needed to understand the complicated phenomena of this hydrological system ( Yaseen et al ., 2016 ) which could help decision-makers plan and manage the irrigation supply optimally according to rice irrigation demand and to ensure that the water resources from river basins and rivers are capable of irrigating the rice fields for the whole year .
Hydrological Modelling
ML is an application of AI that is a versatile field encompassing various algorithms and techniques , arguably the most noteworthy contemporary advancement in hydrological modelling . The ML process follows the human learning process as
26 VOL 99 JULY - SEPTEMBER 2024